FOREWORD 5
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6
:INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 10
:A STRONGER FRAMEWORK FOR EMERGENCY
PREPAREDNESS
Contingency planning 17
Communications 19
Risk management 20
Legislative framework 20
Research 23
:STRENGTHENING DISEASE PREVENTION
International intelligence and import controls 26
National surveillance 28
Movement rules 29
Identification and tracing 30
Biosecurity 31
:EMERGENCY RESPONSE AND DISEASE CONTROL IN
AN OUTBREAK
Planned approach 32
Emergency response structures 32
Disease control strategies 39
Movement restrictions 42
Biosecurity during an outbreak 43
Disposal 44
Welfare 45
Compensation 46
ANNEX I: RESPONSE TO INDIVIDUAL RECOMMENDATIONS 48
ANNEX II: RESEARCH INTO ANIMAL HEALTH DISEASES:
FUNDING 89
ANNEX III: OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF EMERGENCY
VACCINATION 91
It is an indication of the Government’s wish to learn and apply the lessons of the recent FootandMouth Disease (FMD) outbreak that, barely three months after the reports of Dr Anderson’s Lessons Learned Inquiry and the Royal Society’s scientific review of Infectious diseases in livestock, I am able to introduce the Government response to those reports.
It is not much more than a year since the last case of FMD. The speed with which we have been able to take stock and draw lessons from this appalling outbreak is a tribute to the hard work of the two inquiry teams. I am very grateful to Dr Anderson and Sir Brian Follett and their teams for this. We have also benefited from the National Audit Office’s report, which is being considered by the Public Accounts Committee.
The Royal Society had a wide remit to review infectious diseases of livestock. Its unique contribution has given a clear and authoritative scientific basis on which to take forward the work described in this response, given from an independent standpoint.
Dr Anderson has also given us his independent view of the epidemic, and of the lessons learned. His independence is demonstrated by his sometimes trenchant comments in the report. As I made clear in my statement to the House of Commons on the report, we accept that mistakes were made. While not necessarily agreeing with every observation and comment in the two reports, we accept that there are clear lessons to be learned: for example, the need for greater flexibility in contingency planning and closer involvement of stakeholders in those plans; the need for speed in scaling up operations; better communications; and handling the vast scale of operations that were required in some areas. I also accept that we need to continue to work on cultural change in Defra.
We are determined, as this response shows, to set out programmes of work which will need to be taken forward, so that the lessons are not only learned, but also applied. Defra will do this in an open way, consulting where possible all those with an interest, to build a new framework in which outbreaks of animal diseases can be handled in partnership with the farming industry, the wider rural community and other key stakeholders such as local authorities. We accept the need for regular reviews of and reports on animal disease preparedness and will consider the mechanism for this with stakeholders.
I share Dr Anderson’s hope that not only the Government but everyone with an interest in the future of farming and the wider rural economy will look to learn the lessons of the epidemic, apply the recommendations and thereby collectively ensure that the experience of 2001 is never repeated.
Rt Hon Margaret Beckett MP Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
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This is the Government’s response, with the Welsh Assembly Government, to the reports of the Lessons Learned Inquiry into the 2001 epidemic of FMD chaired by Dr Iain Anderson and the Royal Society’s Inquiry into infectious diseases in livestock chaired by Professor Sir Brian Follett.
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Section 1, the Introduction and background, puts the response in the context of two forthcoming major strategy documents. The Strategy for Sustainable Farming and Food, to be published shortly, will establish a new settlement with the farming and food industries, giving a clear direction towards a more sustainable future, and incorporating a response to each of the recommendations of the Policy Commission on the Future of Farming and Food. As called for by the Policy Commission and the two FMD inquiries, a new Animal Health and Welfare Strategy for Great Britain will provide an overall strategic approach to animal health and welfare work, with the aim of reducing the economic, social and environmental impact of animal diseases, and improving the welfare of animals kept by man. The Strategy will draw on the inquiry reports, and on discussions with a wide range of interested parties. When published in Spring 2003, it will provide an update on progress on much of the work described in this response.
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The Government accepts that there were mistakes in its handling of the 2001 FMD outbreak, and is determined to learn from these. It accepts virtually all the detailed recommendations of the Lessons Learned report, and firmly endorses the lessons which Dr Anderson draws. The recommendations made by the Royal Society will also play a major role in shaping the Government’s work in this area.
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Defra is a new department, whose mission to promote the interests of rural areas will ensure that the consequences of animal disease control for the country as a whole are fully considered. It has embarked on a programme of reform to address the issues identified in the inquiry reports, and has action in hand under each of the 3 key areas identified by Dr Anderson: to ensure that systems are in place to handle any epidemic, with speed and on the basis of good science.
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The State Veterinary Service will in future work more closely with the rest of Defra and outside stakeholders to deliver its specialised and professional services.
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Section 2 describes a stronger framework for emergency preparedness. Both inquiries emphasised the need for comprehensive and coordinated contingency planning, with published plans that are regularly rehearsed with all concerned. The Lessons Learned Inquiry advocated an animal health legislative framework which was robust, unambiguous and fit for purpose, with a possible wider review of animal health legislation. Any such animal health framework would need to be compatible with EU policy on exotic animal diseases. It also suggested there was a fear of risktaking within Defra and that a reappraisal of attitudes and behaviours within the Department would be beneficial. The Royal Society recommended increased spending on animal health research, and better coordination of research. Both inquiries called for a body to provide scientific advice to the Defra Chief Scientific Adviser in emergencies. Key points in the Government’s response are:
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The Government has established the Civil Contingencies Secretariat to coordinate the UK’s contingency planning and help strengthen the UK’s resilience at every level to disruptive challenges. The Secretariat is improving its contacts with local authorities and the Government will enhance the capacity of Government Offices from 2003 with dedicated contingency planning teams in each region.
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Defra is publishing a revised Contingency Plan for FMD and will publish plans for other diseases. They will be available to all who may be involved in an outbreak. Defra will train staff and rehearse the plans to check they work and that all concerned can understand and use them. The
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Government will lay the FMD Plan before Parliament. The Welsh Assembly Government has developed its own contingency plan. Defra will work closely with others who have a role to play, in particular local authorities with their unrivalled local knowledge.
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Defra’s Risk Management Strategy sets out how the Department will deal with risk and uncertainty. Defra has worked closely with the Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit in its Risk and Uncertainty project.
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The Animal Health Bill will strengthen the Government’s ability to deal with any future outbreaks. The Government will address the scope and nature of future legislation next year after publication of the Animal Health and Welfare Strategy.
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The Government plans to increase spending on animal health research to underpin the development and application of policies and will consider its research priorities as part of the Animal Health and Welfare Strategy.
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An interdepartmental group will promote better coordination of research in the light of the current review of Defra’s science based agencies and the recent review of the Institute for Animal Health at Pirbright.
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The Government will allocate £25 million over the next five years as additional funding for veterinary teaching and research.
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Defra has established a Science Advisory Group which will set up rapid and robust arrangements for advice to the Defra Chief Scientific Adviser in emergencies.
7. Section 3 deals with strengthening disease prevention. The inquiries called for enhancement to disease surveillance at the EU level. They also recommended action to tackle illegal meat imports and enhanced systems of control. They recommended as wide as possible an involvement of those with a role in surveillance. On animal movements, both inquiries recommended that the Government should base restrictions on wider considerations including a costbenefit analysis. They called for a comprehensive livestock tracing system. The inquiry reports stress the importance of good biosecurity, both in terms of effective biosecurity measures and the active involvement of all those dealing with livestock. Key points in the Government’s response are:
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The Government will support international efforts to improve data collection and reporting on animal diseases.
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The Government has made good progress on the illegal imports Action Plan published in March 2002 and is spending over £3 million on this in the current financial year. It launched a publicity campaign on illegal imports in July and a sixmonth detector dog pilot started in September.
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Defra will publish a Risk Assessment on the introduction of FMD in illegal imports later in the Autumn.
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The Government has secured tighter EU controls on personal imports of animal products.
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Following a Cabinet Office study, all activity against smuggling of meat, animal products, fish and plant matter will be brought together in HM Customs and Excise and backed by a new dedicated target in Customs for service delivery in this area. There will be substantially improved coordination between the main control agencies, and between these agencies and Customs, under the oversight of a new ministerial group.
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The Government recognises the strong case for a single agency to oversee all aspects of the management of legal trade. But that is not an immediate proposition, and it will seek a step change in the coordination and delivery of local authority inspection of imported foodstuffs and products of animal origin at ports within one year. Thereafter it will then look hard again at the case for bringing these functions from local authorities into a central agency, or delivering them from other routes.
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Defra will reexamine the Action Plan later this year in the light of the organisational changes and the results of the Risk Assessment.
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A Veterinary Surveillance Strategy is being developed. Defra is also working to identify the best use of practising vets in surveillance and developing a Geographical Information Strategy.
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The Government has commissioned a wideranging study to inform a decision on the role of animal movement standstills in the future.
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A new Livestock Identification Programme is being developed with the aim of improving the identification and tracing of UK livestock by introducing a single platform of animal information with electronic identification of individual cattle, sheep and, if necessary, pigs.
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Defra will develop an allencompassing biosecurity code.
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Section 4 sets out the Government’s plans for the emergency response and disease control in an animal disease outbreak. The inquiries have recommended that the Government should deal with future outbreaks of FMD by culling of infected premises and dangerous contacts, but that the option of emergency vaccination should be considered as a major tool if and when this initial “stamping out” policy proves insufficient. Both reports acknowledge that there are still some obstacles to overcome before the Government could pursue an emergency vaccinatetolive policy and recommend that the Government should address these in advance of an outbreak. Both the inquiries favour an immediate national ban on livestock movements once the first case is confirmed.
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The Lessons Learned Inquiry has recommended that the Government should not use mass pyres again as a strategy for disposal of slaughtered animals. The Lessons Learned Inquiry recommended that Defra should develop further its interim Contingency Plan with procedures in place to scale up communications and resources rapidly. Defra should develop its human resources plans for use in an emergency and consult the Armed Forces as soon as possible. It should have a regional communications strategy and dedicated management information systems.
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The Royal Society concluded that the Government should explore a range of possible disease control strategies and, so far as practicable, take decisions in advance of outbreaks as to the optimum strategy in particular circumstances. The Lessons Learned Inquiry recommended that the joint Defra Industry Working Group for Animal Disease Insurance ensure that its scope is set widely enough to address valuation and compensation issues highlighted by the 2001 outbreak.
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A key point in the Government’s response is that the policy which it has adopted in the event of an outbreak now means that:
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Defra will alert the Armed Forces immediately a case of FMD is confirmed so that the scope of their possible involvement can be assessed.
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A national movement ban will be put in place as soon as a case of FMD is confirmed.
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The Government will apply tight biosecurity requirements in a 10km zone around infected premises by declaring Restricted Infected Areas (socalled “Blue Boxes”) from the start of an outbreak.
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Public rights of way will be only be restricted within Infected Areas. The Government will issue a protocol for consultation shortly.
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The Government will dispose of culled animals by commercial incineration, rendering and licensed landfill.
12. In addition:
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The control of FMD will require the slaughter of diseased animals and other susceptible animals on the premises and of dangerous contacts this is the ‘stamping out’ in EU legislation and recommended by the inquiries.
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Beyond that the Government needs a range of strategies in its armoury for different disease situations – including preventative culling powers as provided for in the Animal Health Bill and a strategy of emergency vaccinatetolive.
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For a vaccinatetolive strategy to work, a number of logistical, technical and trade problems need to be resolved and the Government is committed to resolving them – the Contingency Plan will cover a vaccinatetolive strategy and the Government will develop an exit strategy for use after emergency vaccination.
13. Other key points are:
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Defra has established an Emergency Preparedness Programme to oversee a wide range of work on contingency planning.
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The Cabinet Office is developing a protocol for managing the increase of staff numbers in emergencies and is reviewing the training and development available to senior managers across Whitehall for dealing with emergencies.
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To replace current interim arrangements, Defra will develop a permanent emergency register listing competencies and skills for staff willing to serve in an emergency and will put in place appropriate management structures to allow rapid commitment of extra resources.
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Defra will communicate more clearly and effectively in a crisis.
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The Government will review and rationalise animal disease compensation arrangements. It will put forward policy options for sharing the costs of animal disease outbreaks with the industry.
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Annex I sets out the Government’s response to each of the detailed recommendations of the Lessons Learned Inquiry as well as the Key Findings and recommendations of the Royal Society.
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Annex II describes the funding of research into animal health diseases.
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Annex III covers operational aspects of emergency vaccination.
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The 2001 outbreak of FMD was a very painful experience for the nation and particularly for those in the countryside. Defra and the Government as a whole are determined to learn the lessons from that experience.
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This response to the reports of the FMD inquiries shows how that learning and change is well under way. It will continue over the months and years to come.
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This response contains a wide range of actions, commitments and decisions. So soon after the publication of such thorough reports, there are inevitably some areas where the Government can only report on work in progress and directions for future work.
A new approach – Strategies for Sustainable Farming and Food and Animal Health and Welfare
1.4 The response can be read on its own. But it also needs to be seen in the context of two forthcoming major strategy documents:
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The Government’s Strategy for Sustainable Farming and Food in England. This builds on the report of the Policy Commission on the Future of Farming and Food, chaired by Sir Don Curry, which was itself commissioned partly in response to FMD. The Government will publish it shortly.
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A comprehensive Animal Health and Welfare Strategy for Great Britain, discussed below, which the Government expects to publish in Spring 2003.
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The Policy Commission on the Future of Farming and Food and the two FMD inquiries have all called for a more strategic approach to animal health and welfare, in the light of the apparent increase in animal disease outbreaks, and the major impacts these diseases, and their control measures, have on the rest of society. The Government endorses this need, and is now engaged in developing, in consultation with the Devolved Administrations and a wide range of stakeholders, an Animal Health and Welfare Strategy for Great Britain, intended to reduce the economic, social and environmental impact of animal diseases, and improve the welfare of animals kept by man.
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This Strategy will draw heavily on the analysis and recommendations of the two FMD inquiries, and link closely with the Strategy for Sustainable Farming and Food. It will bring together the strands of current and planned activity on animal disease, health and welfare, seeking more sustainable outcomes, greater partnership with stakeholders and customers, a firmer scientific and evidence base, and a better partnership and balance between public and private provision. When published next Spring the Strategy will provide an opportunity to report further progress on a number of strands of work discussed in this response.
Lessons Learned
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The Secretary of State, the Rt Hon Margaret Beckett MP, has already made it clear, in her statement to the House of Commons on publication of the Lessons Learned report on 22 July, that the Government accepts that there were mistakes in its handling of the crisis, and is determined to learn from these mistakes. This response confirms her expectation then that the Government would be able to accept virtually all the detailed recommendations of the Lessons Learned report.
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The Lessons Learned Inquiry summarises the major lessons from FMD 2001 as follows:
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Maintain vigilance through international, national and local surveillance and reconnaissance.
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Be prepared with comprehensive contingency plans, building mutual trust and confidence through training and practice.
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React with speed and certainty to an emergency or escalating crisis by applying wellrehearsed crisis management procedures.
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Explain policies, plans and practices by communicating with all interested parties comprehensively, clearly and consistently in a transparent way.
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Respect local knowledge and delegate decisions wherever possible, without losing sight of the national strategy.
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Apply risk assessment and cost benefit analysis within an appropriate economic model.
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Use data and information management systems that conform to recognised good practice in support of intelligence gathering and decision making.
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Have a legislative framework that gives Government the powers needed to respond effectively to the emerging needs of a crisis.
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Base policy decisions on best available science and ensure that the processes for providing scientific advice are widely understood and trusted.
1.9 The report says that these lessons should be incorporated into a national strategy designed to:
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Keep out infectious agents of exotic disease.
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Reduce livestock vulnerability by reforms in industry practice.
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Minimise the impact of any outbreak.
1.10 The Government firmly endorses these conclusions. Detailed responses to the report’s recommendations are in Annex I.
Scientific aspects – the Royal Society
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The Royal Society’s report on Infectious diseases in livestock, published on 16 July, provides a core text on the science and control of FMD and other exotic diseases, which will prove invaluable to the scientific, Government and farming communities both here, throughout Europe and internationally. The report covers the scientific issues relating to the transmission, prevention and control of epidemic disease in livestock, covering FMD and a range of other diseases. Although scienceled, the report also offers practical guidance. This is a benefit of the wide basis of the membership of the Inquiry Committee, which included those involved in farming, veterinary practice and consumer affairs as well as science.
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Defra is committed to ensuring that it develops evidencebased policies which use the best available scientific information. This requires a nationally agreed research programme which underpins the needs identified in the Animal Health and Welfare Strategy. All funders will be able to refer to the Royal Society’s report to guide not only their own research strategies, but also how these programmes can best be coordinated and delivered, including involvement at EU level. More widely, the Royal Society’s Key Findings and recommendations will inform the Government’s approach to work on animal health.
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Detailed responses to the Royal Society’s Key Findings and recommendations are in Annex I.
Animal Health and Welfare Strategy
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The Policy Commission on the Future of Farming and Food, the FMD inquiries and external stakeholders have all called for a more integrated, coherent and strategic approach to the Government’s work on animal health and disease control.
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Defra’s strategy on sustainable development, “Foundations for our Future”, endorsed this need, and committed the Government to a strategy which set out “actions to improve the health of farmed animals through the reduction and eradication of disease, better risk management strategies, greater
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There is much on which to build. The FMD outbreak, and the various inquiries, reviews and conferences to which it gave rise, have deepened the Government’s understanding of the threats and costs of exotic diseases, the difficulties of dealing with them, the importance of effective contingency planning and the need to communicate and work with all interested parties. Previously, the tragic experience of BSE, with the subsequent creation of the Food Standards Agency and Lord Phillips’ BSE Inquiry report, radically changed perceptions of the human health risks associated with the food chain. Elsewhere there have been extensive, scientifically underpinned, assessments in recent years of other important elements in the animal health picture – disease surveillance, bovine TB, and the threat from rabies, amongst others.
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The Government now needs an overall strategic approach, drawing on the inquiry reports and on discussions with a wide range of stakeholders. These have begun. The Government will include a brief progress report on the development of the Animal Health and Welfare Strategy in the Strategy for Sustainable Farming and Food published later this year. Regard will also need to be had to the developing EU regulatory framework within which the UK must work.
Other inquiries
1.18 There have been a number of other inquiry processes as a result of the 2001 outbreak. These include:
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The National Audit Office’s report on “The 2001 Outbreak of FootandMouth Disease” published on 21 June 2001, and followed by an examination by the Public Accounts Committee of Defra’s Accounting Officer. The Public Accounts Committee’s report is awaited and the Government will respond to it in the normal way. The Government welcomes the recommendations made in the National Audit Office’s report, which the Lessons Learned and Royal Society reports largely echo. Cross references in Annex I of this response make it clear where action to implement Lessons Learned or Royal Society recommendations also addresses a recommendation made by the National Audit Office.
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Examination of witnesses by the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Select Committee of the House of Commons in their report “The Impact of FootandMouth Disease”.
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Local inquiries like those by Devon, Shropshire, Gloucestershire, Northumberland and Cumbria County Councils have provided a valuable local perspective. The Government has noted carefully the findings of these inquiries, many of which are reflected in the recommendations of the Lessons Learned and Royal Society reports.
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The Scottish Executive will be responding to the Royal Society of Edinburgh’s report on the outbreak in Scotland. In Wales the National Assembly’s Agriculture and Rural Development Committee conducted a scrutiny of Ministers and officials and in Northern Ireland PriceWaterhouseCoopers were commissioned to carry out a study of the outbreak there.
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A Temporary Committee established by the European Parliament to look at the FMD outbreak throughout the European Union as a whole, whose report the Parliament is expected to vote on before the end of the year.
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Three EU Food and Veterinary Missions to observe the UK response to FMD; and an EU Financial Audit to examine the UK claim on the EU Veterinary Fund, the report of which is due next year. The European Court of Auditors are also carrying out an audit of FMD.
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An important theme of the Lessons Learned report is the need to ensure that all the consequences of control of exotic animal diseases for the country as a whole are fully considered. A fundamental difference in the way the Government approached the delivery of rural economic and social policy was signalled by the creation of Defra, one of whose central pillars is the whole rural affairs agenda. This elevation of rural policy, with the first Government Minister for Rural Affairs, reflects the fact – confirmed by the FMD experience – that the rural economy is not a synonym for agriculture, but is now a complex mixed economy in which food production, tourism and recreation, and public and private services, are all important strands.
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The impact of FMD and the measures taken to control it on the wider rural economy – tourism in particular – brought these interrelationships into sharp relief. Defra’s objective for rural policy is to enhance opportunity and tackle social exclusion in rural areas, with specific targets to reduce the gap in productivity between the least well performing rural areas and the English median, and improve the accessibility of services for rural people. A sustainable, diverse, modern and adaptable farming industry – another Defra objective – will remain one important element in maintaining sustainable, prosperous and inclusive rural communities.
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The Government is working to embed the needs of rural areas firmly within the mainstream of Government policy by:
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delivery on the Rural White Paper (2000) commitments;
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scrutinising all domestic policies for their consequences for rural people (“rural proofing”);
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setting up a Cabinet SubCommittee for Rural Renewal; and
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appointing Rural Directors in each regional Government Office.
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Defra has also established the Rural Affairs Forum for England to enable the views of those who live and work in, or visit, rural England to inform policymaking. There are 8 regional Rural Affairs Forums in the English regions.
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In Wales, the National Assembly has broad powers and responsibilities to assist rural areas. Since the outbreak in 2001 it has been working with Wales Rural Partnership and supporting the rural community. The Welsh Assembly Government has also strengthened its focus on delivering integrated actions to help rural areas by establishing a Cabinet Committee on the regeneration of rural Wales.
A new department: new ways of working
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As a new department, Defra is committed to – and demonstrating – new ways of working. The experience of early 2001 showed all too strongly the deep connections between the livestock industry and animal health, and wider rural society and the environment. Defra’s commitment to sustainable development means recognising those interdependencies in the preparation of the new Animal Health and Welfare Strategy, both in the way the Department prepares it, the people and interests it consults, and the policy approach that results.
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Dr Anderson showed where Defra needed to change and develop to strengthen its delivery capability and modernise the way it goes about its business. He highlighted a culture in Defra which was predisposed to decisiontaking by committee with an associated fear of risktaking and suggested that a reappraisal of prevailing attitudes and behaviours within Defra would be beneficial.
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Defra’s ambitious reform programme will address the issues identified in the FMD reports. It will build on the strengths of Defra’s predecessor departments and create an organisation which can deal robustly and effectively with its daytoday business and with emergencies.
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Dr Anderson identified the key areas to consider under three headings: systems, speed and science. Defra has action already in hand under each. But work remains to be done. The following sections summarise the key elements of Defra’s programme of work under these headings.
1.28 Systems
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Defra is publishing a new and updated Contingency Plan to cover animal disease emergencies; it will develop and test this regularly, involving a wide range of internal and external stakeholders. Defra is consulting on and developing a “decision tree”, setting out the criteria by which the Government would make choices between different control strategies during an outbreak;
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a more consistent and systematic approach to risk management is being promoted within Defra, outlined in its Risk Management Strategy published in April 2002.
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Defra has begun the next phase of the change programme which will strengthen its connection to its customers and its focus on service and front line delivery, following a strategic review of the Department carried out jointly with the Office of Public Services Reform;
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integrated corporate IT systems are being developed to provide a strong platform for identifying and tracing animals. This will provide a sound basis for a strengthened and tested disease control information system which provides accurate information, quickly, in a disease outbreak;
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Defra is strengthening its approach to project and programme management, using outside experts to help plan key new policy projects (e.g. on animal movements) and promote skills transfer;
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Defra is closely engaged with the development by the Civil Contingencies Secretariat of the Government’s wider emergency response capability, and is working with its representatives in Government Offices to ensure an outward facing and interdepartmental approach to emergency response;
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Defra is reviewing its senior management skills to ensure all its senior managers are well equipped to work within its new style and remit;
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to improve Defra’s communication with stakeholders and the general public, an extensive programme of media training – teaching Defra officials and vets across the organisation how to do regional television and radio interviews to a professional standard – is being carried out.
1.29 Speed
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Defra has put new arrangements in place to ensure the immediate transmission of information on suspect cases to key stakeholders;
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there are clear plans for roles and responsibilities in a disease outbreak, at operational, tactical and strategic levels, so that officials can make decisions at the right levels quickly;
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the Emergency Preparedness Programme will consider how Defra can better exploit IT and telecommunications systems to speed up communications in the field and cut out communication blockages;
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there will be evaluation, both internal and external, of the simulation exercises from the end of the year with special reference to speed of response.
1.30 Science
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a new Science Advisory Group will keep risk issues under close review when advising the Defra Chief Scientific Advisor (CSA). It will also set up rapid and robust arrangements for advice to the Defra CSA in an emergency;
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the new structures for managing disease outbreaks will ensure that scientific advice informs all policy decisions;
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Defra is planning to ensure a stronger coordination between the various science bodies to ensure the maximum benefit from research funds, and that the necessary funds are targeted on the key problems;
1.31 Defra therefore has in hand a major programme of work which will reform and speed up the way it goes about its business, and specifically in relation to animal disease emergencies.
A modern State Veterinary Service
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The State Veterinary Service (SVS) is the Government’s front line force in responding to disease emergencies. It has a long history of achievement and a world class reputation for professionalism and commitment. The SVS will be building on these professional strengths, and the deep commitment of its staff, and playing its full part in the wider modernisation of Defra. The SVS will work closely with veterinary colleagues in the Veterinary Directorate of the Animal Health and Welfare Directorate General who are charged with policy responsibility. Whilst there have been problems of resources and recruitment into the SVS the Government is committed to maintaining a strong and effective SVS capable of meeting the challenge set out in this response – and some of the recruitment is now taking place. However, there are growing demands on the SVS as well as competing priorities elsewhere in Defra and the Department may need to make some difficult choices on resource allocation.
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Specific action includes:
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Business processes and ways of working across the SVS are being tackled in a wide ranging change programme aimed at a) increasing emphasis on delivery and b) meeting internal and external customer requirements, and open sharing of information;
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A new Disease Control System is being developed to improve the quality of key information required in disease outbreaks;
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stronger links are being forged between the SVS and policy teams to ensure operational issues are taken fully into account as policy is developed, and with Defra’s other field operations, over issues such as increased sharing of accommodation and other common services;
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the SVS relationship with private vets is undergoing a comprehensive review to ensure greater clarity and more robust arrangements. This will include improved training, communication, and the possibility of providing a contingency reserve;
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Divisional Veterinary Managers (DVMs) are reinforcing their links with local stakeholders, especially local authorities, and engaging them in the simulation exercises for the new Contingency Plan;
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stronger links are being forged with the Government Office network and the new Government News Network;
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all the DVMs are taking part in the new Defrawide training programme to strengthen the Department’s capacity to deliver change, and to build a stronger more unified senior management;
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work is underway to draw up a new IT investment strategy for the SVS which will speed up process reforms, raise skill levels and the SVS’s capacity to exploit new IT technologies, increase efficiency and improve performance;
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a new Board of Management, including representatives of the devolved administrations, will be responsible for agreeing business plans and monitoring performance.
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In these and other ways, the SVS will be an integrated part of the wider Department, working more closely with its Defra and Devolved Administration delivery partners and outside stakeholders to deliver its specialised and professional services.
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The inquiry reports covered Great Britain. As the Government retained disease control powers in Wales during the 2001 FMD outbreak, this response is being made jointly with the Welsh Assembly Government. Reflecting its accountability on animal health matters to the Scottish Parliament, the Scottish Executive is making its own response to the inquiries. However, it has been associated with the preparation of this response reflecting the GB wide nature of some of the recommendations and the close cooperation which exists between the GB Rural Affairs departments.
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Animal disease outbreaks are no respecters of boundaries. That is why the three GB Rural Affairs departments are working closely together on the development of contingency plans and on planning how best to address any cross border issues that might arise, so as to ensure that any outbreak can be tackled seamlessly. The Animal Health and Welfare Strategy is also being drawn up on a GB basis.
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The Welsh devolution settlement devolved certain animal health powers to the Assembly (such as those which relate to the control of TB) but not others, including those relating to the control of FMD. During the outbreak this did not sit comfortably with Assembly Ministers’ accountability to the people of Wales. The Government is therefore in discussion with the Welsh Assembly Government on the case for devolving further powers to it to deal with all future outbreaks of animal disease in Wales.
2.1 Contingency planning Governmentwide framework for contingency planning
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The Civil Contingencies Secretariat was set up in July 2001 in recognition of the need to improve and coordinate the UK’s contingency planning and to help strengthen the UK’s resilience at every level to disruptive challenges of the kind seen in the fuel protests, the floods in the winter of 2000 and the FMD outbreak.
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Its purpose is to work with others to improve planning for, dealing with and learning lessons from large scale emergencies and disasters. It also leads the Government’s horizon scanning activity to identify and assess potential and imminent disruptive challenges to the UK, whatever their source.
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It provides integrated planning and thinking, as well as coordination of action across departments and others whom Government needs to involve. It reflects the fact that whilst individual Government departments have their own contingency plans, significant emergencies rarely follow departmental boundaries. A central Secretariat is well placed to deliver this coordination.
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The Secretariat’s key tasks are to lead the delivery of improved resilience to disruption across Government and the public sector, including ensuring that core response capabilities are developed and that Government can continue to function and deliver public services during crises; to identify potential challenges and their impacts; to help departments preempt them or handle them; and to manage any necessary coordination machinery.
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The Secretariat’s plans for emergencies and its liaison within Government enable departments’ own contingency plans to operate within a wider framework. The Food Standards Agency is part of that framework, which means any new or emerging food safety risk issues will be dealt with effectively during a crisis. In future the European Food Safety Authority will also provide an overview of risk, at the European level, to the European Commission.
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Local authorities have a key role to play and the Secretariat will be placing additional emphasis on working with local authorities and their emergency planners to ensure that the UK’s contingency planning is as robust as possible. The Secretariat will work to build successful and mutually beneficial relationships with local authorities. There are also plans to enhance the capacity of Government Offices from 2003, establishing dedicated contingency planning teams in each region. These will provide a valuable resource in any future outbreak.
Developing the Contingency Plan
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An outbreak of FMD on the scale the country experienced in 2001 will always involve massive disruption to the agricultural sector and the wider rural economy, substantial cost and the need for the largescale mobilisation of resources, including people, equipment and transport. There will inevitably be suffering and loss for those who are affected directly and there will be many more whose lives are disrupted. No contingency plan, however effective and well rehearsed, can avoid that. What the Government is determined to do is to ensure that the suffering and disruption is kept to a minimum, and that the outbreak is tackled with speed and vigour. These overall aims are reflected in Defra’s work on contingency planning, described below and in Section 4.2.
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Since the 2001 epidemic much work within Defra has gone into developing contingency planning for an outbreak of FMD. Similar work has been taking place in Scotland and Wales and there is close liaison not only on the development of the plans but also in planning how cross border issues that
might arise should be best addressed. Existing contingency plans for other exotic diseases are also being reviewed and updated. The last version of the FMD interim Contingency Plan was placed on the Defra website on 3 July for consultation. A revised version of the FMD Contingency Plan appears on the Defra website to coincide with the publication of this response. This builds on the interim Plan and provides the administrative framework for local office contingency plans and detailed veterinary instructions. A new division in the State Veterinary Service is now working to keep the plan as a living document, updating and augmenting it as policies are developed and exercises completed.
2.1.9 The Contingency Plan is being developed in modules. The core modules will cover the strategic level of the command structure, the establishment of a national disease control centre responsible for reporting disease and the administration, liaison and communication structures that are necessary to support the veterinary effort and disease control at a national level. It will also cover the setting up and expansion of local disease control centres with arrangements for engaging additional veterinary, technical and administrative staff. Revised arrangements for initiating the FMD disease control operation will form another module and additional modules will be prepared for other diseases or groups of diseases depending on the species affected or the way in which the disease spreads.
2.1.10 Defra will also develop modules to cover wider aspects of dealing with a disease outbreak. These will include the development of a “procurement package” to ensure that all staff have immediately available to them guidance on cost effective procurement and draft model contracts. Similarly a financial package will provide instruction and guidance to those brought in to work on finance and compensation. The recruitment and management of staff form another module. Each local office also maintains its own detailed contingency plan which complements the nationally agreed disease control structures and arrangements for increasing staff with local contact lists and other locally relevant information.
Implementing policies
2.1.11 Contingency plans are not only concerned with operational issues. They reflect and build on disease control policies. The current Contingency Plan is based on the current disease control policies which include targets for slaughter on infected premises, implementation of a GB wide movement standstill of susceptible livestock, withdrawal of export licences for animals and animal products and disposal by incineration followed by disposal by rendering. If policies change, plans will be reviewed and amended accordingly. Arrangements for emergency vaccination are being further developed building on those set up during the 2001 outbreak.
Involving others
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The inquiries emphasised the importance of the Contingency Plan being available to all those who would be involved, so that all fully understand their roles in the event of an outbreak of animal disease. The Contingency Plan is therefore being developed with input from stakeholders and will continue to be available on the Defra website for information and comments. But the Government is also determined to ensure that all those involved as operational partners (both locally and nationally) should understand their roles and be able to contribute to developing the plan. In particular in the light of the importance of the role of local authorities in controlling animal disease, Divisional Veterinary Managers will seek to strengthen existing contacts with the local authority emergency planning officers and trading standards officers through ongoing work on movement licensing and by meetings and exercises. Working with local authorities will also allow good use to be made of their unrivalled local knowledge and ground intelligence.
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Detailed work on some modules of the Contingency Plan also requires the close involvement of interested parties. Work on disposal options is particularly important in the light of the concerns that carcass disposal generated last year. Discussions are under way with the United Kingdom Renderers
Training and Exercises
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Since the last confirmed case of FMD was reported on 30 September 2001, there have been over 90 reports of FMD type conditions in farm animals. Experienced State Veterinary Service vets have quickly cleared the great majority of these on clinical investigation and without need for laboratory testing. However in three cases there has been enough doubt in the vets’ minds for samples to be taken for laboratory testing. This has led to restrictions being placed within an 8km radius of each of the suspect premises and has provided the opportunity to exercise the initial notification and alert procedures in the interim Contingency Plan. The lessons learned from the suspect cases have led to revisions to the notification processes. However, in recognition that the full range of contingency measures needs to be tested regularly a programme of exercises is being planned. This will provide training for those involved in dealing with an outbreak as well as testing the efficacy of the plans.
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The development of contingency plans requires the training of all staff involved and practice in implementation to check that the plans work. Separate elements of the plans will be tested and independently assessed to ensure a common understanding and application of the arrangements is achieved across the country and to check the links between local and central offices and that all the national structures operate effectively. Defra will involve stakeholders in developing and exercising these plans. Centrally run exercises in local offices and in the national centre will take place before the end of the year.
Parliamentary debate
2.1.16 The inquiries recommended that Parliament should debate and confirm the contingency plans either as a framework at the outset or as a complete document on a regular basis. It is clearly important that there should be understanding of the plans at all levels. The Government will therefore be providing the plans to the Select Committee on Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and bringing them to Parliament once further work and testing has taken place.
Welsh Assembly Contingency Planning
2.1.17 The Welsh Assembly Government has developed its own interim contingency plan in conjunction with partners and stakeholders. This has been subject to public consultation which ended in October. There is close liaison between Defra and the Welsh Assembly Government to ensure consistency of approach regarding contingency planning, with joint training and exercises planned for the future.
2.2 Communications
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The Government agrees with the principles of good communications set out in the Lessons Learned report. Defra’s Communications Directorate aims to improve communications at all levels internally and externally.
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Defra’s overall communications aims are:
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to communicate accurate and relevant information in a way that is timely, responsive and appropriately targeted, using all available tools;
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to be clear, consistent and coherent in all communications and to strive for a better shared understanding of issues;
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to promote factually the work of Defra and prevent an information vacuum on any Defra policy issue; and
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to anticipate where events are going next and to have a backup plan.
2.2.3 Experience, especially in the early stages of the 2001 outbreak, highlighted the urgent need for improvements in various aspects of communications. In particular, for more coordination and explanation of the often very complex technical information involved; ways of keeping all staff across the organisation better and more quickly informed and the limitations of this when communicating with staff spending most of their time out of the office; and the need for better ways of working with regional media. These issues were addressed, as much as possible, during the outbreak, but work has continued to improve communications throughout Defra, both in “peacetime” and to explore and set up new ways of working in any future crisis. More detail is provided in Section 4.2.
2.3 Risk management
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Defra published its Risk Management Strategy in April 2002. This sets out the principles that will apply and the main processes that Defra will use when dealing with risk and uncertainty throughout the Department. It clearly states the desire to move to an environment of ‘No Surprises’, to recognise more widely that risk is about threat and opportunity and that Defra must take calculated risks if it is to release innovation and improve performance.
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Senior managers must drive much of the impetus for change and risk is now more formally on the Defra Management Board’s agenda, not only in terms of reviewing the top threats (one of which is the risk of a major animal health crisis) but also in receiving periodic snapshots of the portfolio of risk that the whole Department is carrying, built up from risk registers in each Directorate and Executive Agency. This will help drive risk awareness and improved risk management lower down in the organisation. In all of this, the need to improve public trust in Defra’s advice and management is recognised and the Department is considering ways of monitoring improvements.
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Defra also needs to have the trust of its own staff and to develop a climate in which it is OK to give bad news. A survey of staff in Summer 2002 is providing key information on where the Department is, particularly on: the degree of encouragement to challenge accepted ways of doing things; the degree of encouragement to identify and manage risks; the degree of blame when decisions are taken and things ‘go wrong’; the relationships with managers; and the leadership of the Board. Defra will then make clear plans to tackle the priority areas.
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There is a central Government dimension for each department’s handling of risk. Defra has worked closely with the Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit in its Risk and Uncertainty project. Defra welcomes the Unit’s recommendations and will work with them in their proposed twoyear change programme, aimed at improving Government’s capability to handle risk and uncertainty.
2.4 Legislative framework International rules – the OIE
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The Office International des Epizooties (OIE) is an international animal health organisation that sets guidelines for international trade and laboratory standards for the control of disease or to provide health guarantees in respect of trade. New standards are ratified annually at the OIE General Session by all OIE member states. It monitors the international animal health situation and provides expertise in
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The OIE classifies diseases in terms of their economic importance and severity and member countries are obliged to notify the OIE immediately, and through it the international community, of outbreaks of those diseases judged to be most important (List A diseases). FMD is a list A disease and because of its importance, the OIE accords countries animal health status in respect of FMD. There are three classifications:
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FMD free country or zone where vaccination is not practised (the highest in terms of international trade)
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FMD free country or zone where vaccination is practised
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FMD infected country
2.4.3 If a country loses the status of ‘FMD free country or zone where vaccination is not practised’ due to an outbreak, it can regain this status:
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after a slaughter policy: when there have been no cases of FMD for at least 3 months;
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after a policy of emergency vaccination followed by slaughter: when there have been no cases of FMD for at least 3 months since the last vaccinated animal was slaughtered;
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if animals are vaccinated and allowed to live: 6 months since the last case of FMD or since the last animal was vaccinated must elapse.
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The member country also has to demonstrate to the OIE in all these cases that it has eradicated the disease and, in particular, that it has carried out adequate serological surveillance and applied appropriate controls to convince them that this is the case. This includes testing vaccinated animals to show they are not infected.
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The Royal Society recommended that Defra should consult other member states to ensure that the OIE is appropriately constituted to validate new diagnostic techniques and reagents as rapidly as possible and that OIE reference laboratories are supported politically and financially so they can better undertake their national and international obligations, including the development of diagnostic tests. The Government accepts this recommendation. The OIE Standards Commission is the existing mechanism for evaluating diagnostic tests and reagents and agreeing to their use. Whilst rapid validation of new techniques is desirable, the need for detailed and evidence based assessment means that member state laboratories must do preparatory work, and these rely on their host country’s support. The Government will continue to support OIE reference laboratories such as the Institute for Animal Health at Pirbright so that they can fully meet their obligations and contribute to this process.
European Community legislation – Directive 85/511
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The UK is subject to European Union rules for the control of exotic diseases such as FMD, Classical and African Swine Fever and Bluetongue, and for trade between Member States and between the Community and third countries, aimed at protecting and maintaining the EU’s disease free status. These are set down in EU legislative instruments which are adopted by the Commission or Council after agreement by the Member States. As far as FMD is concerned, EU policy since 1992 has been based on all Member States being FMD free without vaccination and this is reflected in the FMD control Directive 85/511/EEC which requires Member States to stamp out disease. The Directive makes provision for governments to use emergency vaccination in an outbreak but vaccination has to take place under terms agreed by the Commission and the Member States.
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Directive 85/511/EEC lays down the minimum procedures which a Member State must follow when an outbreak of FMD occurs on its territory. Member States may also take measures additional to those in the Directive.
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The UK Government appreciates the cooperation it received from the European Commission and other Member States and the speed with which amending Decisions were taken to Community law which were necessary for the eradication of disease and the restoration of intraCommunity trade once it had been eradicated. It will ensure that discussion of the Commission’s proposals for a revision of Directive 85/511 are informed by its own experiences and lessons learned during the 2001 FMD epidemic as well as the recommendations of the FMD inquiries. The European Parliament is expected to adopt the report of its Temporary Committee on FMD in December. This is likely to cover similar ground to the findings of the UK inquiries, including use of emergency vaccination as a control measure and tighter import controls.
Domestic legislation – the Animal Health Act
2.4.9 In Great Britain the Animal Health Act 1981 provides the legal basis to control animal diseases. Within GB, the execution of the powers laid down in this legislation rests, in varying degrees, with Devolved Administrations in Scotland and Wales. Animal health is fully devolved to the Scottish Parliament, which has primary and secondary legislative responsibility. Separate but parallel legislation applies to Northern Ireland, reflecting its status as a separate epidemiological unit from GB, and its need to take account of rules applying in the Irish Republic.
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The 1981 Animal Health Act and the secondary legislation made under it give Ministers in Great Britain broad powers to deal with disease outbreaks such as FMD. These powers proved adequate to implement the disease control strategies used during the 2001 outbreak. In particular, the Act provided a legal basis for the slaughter of FMD infected animals, animals suspected of being infected, animals which in some way have been in contact with affected animals, and animals which appear to the Minister to have been in any way exposed to the infection of FMD. These powers were used to carry out culling on infected premises, and of animals classed as “dangerous contacts”. On the basis of veterinary advice that such animals would have been exposed to FMD infection, the powers were also used to cull animals on contiguous premises and (in Cumbria and Southern Scotland) in a 3km zone around infected premises.
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The Government notes the finding of the Lessons Learned Inquiry that during the 2001 epidemic, the animal health legislative framework was not “robust, unambiguous and fit for purpose”. The Government does not consider the existing Animal Health Act powers to be ambiguous. For example during the 2001 outbreak, the courts upheld the legality of the contiguous cull (MAFF v Winslade), one of the most contentious areas of policy. However, the Government welcomes the recommendation in the Lessons Learned report that the Government should make provision for preemptive culling.
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The Government believes that its Animal Health Bill helps to meet some of the inquiry recommendations1. The Bill contains additional powers which would enable the Government to employ preemptive culling strategies where appropriate, alongside clearer powers of entry for the purposes of testing, culling and vaccination. The Bill would also allow a contiguous cull even where it could be argued that animals on contiguous premises had not been exposed to the disease, and therefore furthers the clarity of the law, which the Lessons Learned Inquiry considered so important.
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The Government’s view is that this Bill should become law as soon as possible, as the measures provided by the Bill are a response to the threat of a future outbreak of disease. The Government believes these powers would enable it to contain disease more effectively and eradicate it more quickly. The
1 The Bill before the Westminster Parliament applies to England and Wales only; separate legislation is being prepared for consideration by the Scottish Parliament.
2.4.14 The Lessons Learned Inquiry suggested that there might be a more general review of the Animal Health legislation. The Government agrees with this, and will address the scope and nature of future legislation next year following publication of the Animal Health and Welfare Strategy. This is likely to involve rationalisation of existing regulation, covering issues such as encouraging better biosecurity, harmonising systems of compensation and risk sharing as between industry and the taxpayer.
2.5 Research
2.5.1 The Government is aware of the importance of sound science underpinning the formation and application of policy. It was for that reason that the Royal Society was asked to review the scientific questions that underlie animal disease policy. Their report represents an important contribution to the policy process.
Investment and coordination of research
2.5.2 The Royal Society rightly stresses the importance of investing in research – and surveillance and monitoring – to underpin the development and application of Government policies. The Government accepts the need to increase spending in this area and will strengthen coordination across funders, including EU funded research. The key issues identified by the Royal Society are the prioritisation and coordination of funders’ work so as to maximise the impact of scientific endeavour. This will inform the amount of public funding needed.
Research funding
2.5.3 The Royal Society summarises the interest and involvement of a number of Government funders
– and also the Wellcome Trust and the Animal Health Trust – in supporting scientific programmes. Together, these represent a substantial investment in understanding and dealing with infectious diseases of livestock. Annex II sets out the current position of the major funders and includes a note on infrastructure matters. This covers Defra, the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), the Department for International Development, the Scottish Executive, Northern Ireland and the Wellcome Trust. The analysis shows that there continues to be a range of new and important research work in farm animal diseases as well as farm animal welfare.
2.5.4 The Government is committed to funding necessary research into animal disease and to increasing spending on animal disease research. But further work is needed to decide if it is justified to invest £250m of new money over the next ten years. It is essential that research needs are analysed and work is well in hand to do this, taking account of the research areas identified by the Royal Society. The Government’s research priorities will be formulated within Defra’s Animal Health and Welfare Strategy, taking account of work that will rightly be undertaken on an EU or international basis (see below). Government funders are now working through their spending review settlements. Whilst different funders have different settlements, the total Research and Development programme expenditure for each will at least be protected in real terms at the levels of the previous spending round throughout the years to 2005/6. Appropriate levels of funding will then be allocated to animal disease research within the settlement amounts.
Research coordination
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The Royal Society makes a strong case for better coordination of research effort by the main funders and the Government accepts that more could and should be done to increase the linkages. There are valid distinctions between the nature of that research – for example strategic and applied strategic
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Soon after the publication of the Royal Society report, an interdepartmental group was tasked to consider these aspects. The Government could adopt a number of approaches, from the coordinating Committee approach taken by Government for its research work on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, to a more fundamental option involving a rootandbranch rebrigading of all current scientific activity on infectious animal diseases. Several models will lie between these ones and the Government plans to pursue and consult on these arrangements. It will do this in the light of the current review of Defra’s Sciencebased Executive Agencies and the recent review of the Institute for Animal Health at Pirbright by Professor Keith Gull. In any new arrangements for strengthened coordination, the Government must preserve a number of features of the way in which it currently develops research requirements – notably through access to independent advice; the application of peer review; and appropriate elements of open competition in the procurement of research.
European research
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The Government agrees that there is a need to coordinate research efforts into livestock diseases across Europe and that the Community should fund this to a common agenda. The EU’s Framework Programmes for research, technology and development have long provided a number of ways of assisting in both funding for research into livestock diseases; and for collaborative research activities across the Community and increasingly with its associated states and others such as Switzerland, Hungary, Poland, Australia and the USA. A successful example is Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) research in which some €35m was set aside under Framework Programme 4 to establish projects and networks. That programme is being taken forward under the current programme (Framework Programme 5) bringing total funding to €85m. UK research teams feature prominently.
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The Government is keen to foster similar successful research into animal health issues at the European level. Framework Programme 6 runs from 20022006 and provides mechanisms for fostering coordination through the European Research Area concept. Priority thematic areas include life sciences, genomics and biotechnology for health (€2255m) and food quality and safety (€685m). An additional €160m has been allocated for EU policy development, including specific provision for research into new and more environmentally friendly production methods to improve animal health and welfare including research on animal diseases and the development of vaccines. The Veterinary Laboratories Agency and the Institute for Animal Health at Pirbright as well as a number of other UK institutions working in the animal health area are actively involved in proposals for funding through Framework Programme 6.
Veterinary teaching and research
2.5.9 The Government accepts that veterinary teaching and research needs additional funding and will allocate an additional £25m over the next five years.
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Vets play a crucial role in the health and welfare of animals both in clinical practice and in research, particularly clinical veterinary research both into individual animal care and the health of animal populations. Their effectiveness can only be sustained by ensuring that veterinary science has sufficient and appropriate research and teaching capacity. The Selborne report (1997) was commissioned by the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons to address the problem that too few people with veterinary qualifications were adopting research careers and that the funding arrangements for clinical veterinary teaching needed improving.
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Defra has been concerned for some years about the need to develop capacity for postgraduate centres of research excellence in the Veterinary schools. To these ends, Defra has supported Veterinary Fellowships at the Universities of Cambridge, Liverpool and Edinburgh with a total planned spend of £3.9m since the programme began in 1999. As a further addition to this important capacity building – and in the light of the report by Lord Selborne – Defra is committing further funds to a new initiative involving the Higher Education Funding Council for England and with matchfunding from the Wellcome Trust to invest in veterinary research and teaching with these aims in mind. The details of this programme, involving a £25m investment by Government over the next 5 years, with a matching £25m from the Trust, were announced by Ministers on 23rd July 2002. The funders are consulting with the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons on how to deploy these funds to maximum effect.
Independent advice
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The Lessons Learned report recommends that Defra’s Chief Scientific Adviser (CSA) maintains a properly constituted committee to advise in an emergency on the scientific aspects of disease control. This should cover horizonscanning and emerging risks. Defra has set up a new Science Advisory Group to advise the Defra CSA on all matters associated with science and risk issues. This will become a NonDepartmental Public Body called the Science Advisory Council next year. A subgroup of this body will be activated upon confirmation of any outbreak of an infectious disease of animals to advise the Defra CSA on scientific issues, as a high level technical advisory committee. The subgroup will consist of experts from outside Government who will be able to provide a rapid response to technical and scientific issues raised by such an outbreak. The Defra CSA will chair this committee and it will involve academics and senior officials from the relevant departments (including the Government’s CSA, the Department of Health, and the Ministry of Defence and the Cabinet Office Civil Contingencies Secretariat) and other EU experts.
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The Government agrees with the Lessons Learned report which notes that such a committee needs to give particular attention to the recommendations on the use of Scientific Advisory Committees, as referred to in the report of the BSE Inquiry of 2000 (page 91). The Defra CSA recognises the importance of independent advice to support the scientific input to policy decisions on animal disease control. He will ensure that the independent Science Advisory Council is properly constituted on “Phillips” principles (as set out in the report of the BSE Inquiry), and in the light of the Office of Science and Technology’s Code on the Conduct of Scientific Advisory Committees.
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The Royal Society endorses the proposals by the Policy Commission on the Future of Farming and Food for a new Priorities Board on Farming and Food Chain Research, closely involving industry and other stakeholder interests. Defra has accepted these proposals and is taking them forward separately.
Applied research unit
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The Royal Society proposes that Defra should establish an applied research unit on livestock management practices to undertake or commission research on the design of effective biosecurity measures against infectious diseases, as well as livestock management structures and practices that improve animal health in terms of infectious diseases.
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There is a Unit within the Science Directorate of Defra whose research commissioning remit covers these and related themes. The Unit runs collaborative programmes with the Scottish Executive. The Government recognises that more needs to be done to secure the health of UK livestock. It has deployed resources for research to diagnose and respond to exotic microbial infections such as FMD. The Veterinary Laboratories Agency and the Institute for Animal Health at Pirbright are examining diagnosis and prophylaxis. Defra and other funders also support research into livestock management practices which is designed to improve the ability of farm animals to resist infectious disease challenge. Current research in pursuit of these aims totals some £10.5m per year.
3.1 International intelligence and import controls
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Reports from sources such as the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) and notifications from the European Commission about the animal health status of other countries are monitored and collated by Defra and are used to identify significant animal disease outbreaks within the EU and worldwide. This information gathering enables evaluation of disease risks and implementation of regulatory controls in the UK. Defra is developing an electronic information management system to manage its recording of information better, streamline its response to disease incidence in countries from which the UK imports animals and products and provide a mapping facility to aid assessment of disease spread across national borders.
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The Royal Society recommends an EU wide risk assessment unit and centralised database on surveillance and disease data and a review of the bodies that provide early warning of animal disease threats. These are largely matters for the bodies in question but the Government will support international efforts to improve data collection and reporting. The OIE is actively promoting animal disease reporting, animal health information dissemination and epidemiological surveillance and has, on behalf of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), OIE and World Health Organisation (WHO), assumed responsibility for the collection of information on the animal health situation worldwide, seeking input from all countries which are members of at least one of the three organisations.
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As recommended by both inquiries, the Government is taking action to tackle illegal meat imports. Defra is responsible for coordinating the activities listed in the Action Plan published in March 2002 (see www.defra.gov.uk/animalh/illegali).
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Better prevention and detection of illegal imports is dependent on:
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Effective publicity of the country’s import rules and reasons for them;
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Clear and simple rules to aid compliance and enforcement;
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Effective deterrence measures;
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Effective methods of detection; and
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Good intelligence.
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All these are covered by the Government’s Action Plan. The House of Commons Environment Food and Rural Affairs Committee in its Seventh report of session 200102 (to examine the adequacy of this plan) commented ‘we have generally been impressed with the speed with which Government and stakeholders have acted to address the various elements of the plan’.
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The Government has already achieved a great deal of progress on the Action Plan. Some of the highlights are:
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The launch of a publicity campaign in July, with the slogan ‘Don’t bring back more than you bargained for’. This builds on the work started in 2001 to raise public awareness of the potential risks in bringing back illicit products. The campaign has involved the production and distribution of nearly 200,000 information leaflets, 1500 campaign posters and a radio filler. Defra has distributed two videos to airlines, national TV stations and other outlets. Defra is keeping all publicity activities under review.
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The Government has taken action at points of departure through its embassies, to raise awareness of its import rules, including issuing advice with visas.
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The start, on schedule, on 16 September of the pilot into the use of detector dogs. To 25 October, 111 seizures of products of animal origin had been made as a result of detection by the dogs, totalling 701kg, of which 302kg was meat.
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Successful lobbying of the European Commission for tighter rules on personal imports. Under the new rules, which come into force on 1 January 2003, personal imports of meat, meat products, milk and milk products will be prohibited for travellers entering the UK from outside the European Union.
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Improved intelligence gathering and sharing. Information held on a central database has since June been passed to enforcement officers to aid antismuggling checks. Defra has also had contact with specialist intelligence units such as the National Criminal Intelligence Service and the Wildlife Criminal Investigation Unit.
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Legislation was amended in May to provide enforcement officers with better powers to search passenger’ bags.
3.1.7 Over £3 million is being spent this financial year to implement the measures set out in the Action Plan. Of this, £1.5 million is funding additional enforcement officers at ports and airports. This began in October and is being rolled out to a number of ports and airports. In the first three weeks of working at Felixstowe, over 1 tonne of products of animal origin were seized.
Risk Assessment
3.1.8 The Government is determined to achieve a stepchange in its illegal imports controls. It accepts the recommendations of the inquiries and stakeholder interests that these controls must be evidence based. It therefore commissioned a risk analysis to provide an answer to the question:
for each specified hazard, what is the probability per year that the importation of meat will result in at least one infection of the specified hazard in the GB livestock population
3.1.9 Priority is being given to analysing the risk from FMD. The Risk Assessment consists of three modules that calculate:
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the amount of meat that enters GB illegally;
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the amount of this meat that is infected with FMD at point of entry to GB; and
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the probability that this infected meat will result in the infection of susceptible livestock in GB.
3.1.10 This has been a major and complex study from which the Government is now receiving final results which are being peer reviewed with a view to publishing them later this Autumn. The process of collecting the data has filled many gaps in the Government’s knowledge of the risks involved and will be very valuable in informing decisions on further action required.
Organisational roles and responsibilities
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The Cabinet Office has recently concluded an urgent three month study into the organisation of the Government’s controls on imports of animals, fish, plants and their products. It is clear from this that while many things are being done very well, there is definite room for improvement in key areas. The spending review made available £5 million of new money in 200304, and £10 million per annum thereafter, to help secure this.
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As a result the Government will rapidly move to:
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(a)
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bring all activity against smuggling of meat, animal products, fish and plant matter together in Customs and Excise. This will be backed by a new dedicated target in Customs for service delivery in this area.
(b)
substantially improve coordination between the main control agencies, (including Defra, the Food Standards Agency, the Forestry Commission and local authorities) and between these agencies and Customs, under the oversight of a new ministerial group.
3.1.13 The Government recognises there is a strong case for a single agency to oversee all aspects of the management of legal trade. But that is not an immediate proposition. In the immediate period, the Government will aim first to secure a step change in the coordination and delivery of local authority inspection of imported foodstuffs and products of animal origin at ports within one year. It will then look hard again at the case for bringing these functions from local authorities into a central agency, or delivering them from other routes.
Future action
3.1.14 In the light of the results of the Risk Assessment and the Cabinet Office study the Government’s intention is to develop a revised Action Plan on illegal imports by early in 2003 which will include:
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a longer term enforcement strategy to ensure effective and proportionate checks against illegal imports of animal products and other foodstuffs at ports and airports and inland;
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further development of initiatives on detection (e.g. use of detector dogs) taking account of initial results from pilot studies;
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enhanced and coordinated publicity materials, building on the experience of the 2002 campaign.
The Government has allocated additional resources to develop these initiatives. However, it recognises that there is still much to be achieved.
3.2 National Surveillance
3.2.1 Both inquiries recognise the important role that surveillance plays in disease control and preparedness. The primary purpose of the Government carrying out veterinary surveillance is to meet its basic information needs in order to assess and manage risks effectively. That is to minimise as far as possible the probability of adverse effects on public health, trade in animals and animal products, and animal health and welfare. The availability of veterinary surveillance information is therefore an essential requirement in meeting the Government’s aim to protect the public’s interest in relation to health and ensure high standards of animal health and welfare.
Veterinary surveillance should:
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enable prompt recognition and appropriate response to disease outbreaks;
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enable the effectiveness of control measures for diseases or infections to be assessed;
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enable the early recognition of important trends to inform risk management policies; and
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enable the identification of new potential hazards.
The Review of Veterinary Surveillance carried out by MAFF in 19992000 (Meah and Lewis) identified the need for a clear published strategy for veterinary surveillance. Work is now well underway to develop a Government strategy for veterinary surveillance (although interrupted by the epidemics of Classical Swine Fever and FMD). Resources have been made available both for developing the Strategy and putting in place the systems needed to improve data collection and management. The strategy is being developed with stakeholders, and will be issued for consultation later in the year.
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The Strategy will build on the strengths and address the weaknesses of the current approach to veterinary surveillance. It will link to public health and food safety surveillance, and deliver better integration with research.
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There are five strategic goals:
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to strengthen collaborations between the providers, users and beneficiaries of veterinary surveillance;
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to develop a transparent and open prioritisation process;
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to derive better value from surveillance information and activities;
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to share information more widely; and
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to enhance the quality assurance of outputs.
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Farmers, vets, and others in the livestock industry have important roles in surveillance. Defra is also working with the veterinary profession to explore how Local Veterinary Inspectors can most effectively contribute. This includes how they can feedback information on unusual clinical observations, how they can participate in surveys, and how knowledge gained can be fed back to the livestock industry.
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The Veterinary Surveillance Strategy will also identify laboratories that have a key role to play in diseases of national importance. The strategy will define the critical linkages required to laboratory service providers such as the Veterinary Laboratories Agency, the Institute for Animal Health and Scottish Agriculture Colleges.
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The Veterinary Surveillance Strategy will improve the coverage and integration of animal disease data by making links with data from other sources in Defra and beyond including geographical information data. This will enable the Government to set information about animal disease in the context of the numbers and location of susceptible livestock. Animal populations at particular risk can then be identified and targeted for appropriate prevention and control measures.
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The Surveillance Group on Diseases and Infections of Animals was established in 1999 to coordinate veterinary surveillance across Government. It reviews key surveillance issues and decides on strategic action. It also provides a network for rapid response when new hazards are identified.
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In addition, Defra is currently developing a Geographical Information (GI) strategy which will cover the use of GI across core Defra, its agencies and selected NonDepartmental Public Bodies. The strategy will ensure that GI data and application development activities that could have benefits to more than one business area are managed to deliver maximum benefits to Defra as a whole.
3.3 Movement rules
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Since last year’s outbreak an animal movement control system has been in place, with a 20 day standstill applying to most movements (though with increasing exemptions). Both inquiries recognised the importance of animal movement controls as part of a disease prevention strategy, alongside other elements such as surveillance, import controls, animal identification and biosecurity. The Lessons Learned Inquiry recommended that the 20 day standstill should remain in place until the Government had carried out a detailed risk assessment and wideranging costbenefit analysis, to balance the disease control benefits against the economic effects on the livestock sector and the wider rural economy. The Royal Society also suggested that the Government should undertake a costbenefit analysis of various standstill periods.
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The Government fully accepts these recommendations, and has commissioned a wide ranging study to inform a decision on the role movement standstills should play in the future. This study has a number of strands:
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an assessment of the risk of FMD strains entering the UK and reaching susceptible livestock. The illegal imports risk assessment will provide this;
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studies to model the potential impact of such an introduction of virus into the UK, comparing a range of variations to the 20 day standstill rule to see which would provide best protection; and
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an economic assessment of the implications of the 20 day standstill and variations to it. This will include the impact on livestock markets and the rural economy generally, as well as on the cattle and sheep sectors.
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The main industry organisations have been involved in the design and management of the studies as well as in providing information to those carrying out the work. Defra will bring together results from these separate strands into an integrated costbenefit analysis and regulatory impact assessment to inform decisions. The studies involved are complex, but the Government intends to draw on emerging findings from the work in framing the movement controls to apply from February 2003, and if necessary the Government will adjust the controls as soon as possible thereafter in the light of the final assessment.
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Representatives of all farming organisations have been involved with Defra to try to find the basis for a balanced regime. Some relaxations were introduced for the Autumn regime, particularly relating to breeding animals. However, the Government needs to establish a more permanent system which is widely understood and supported.
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The Government believes, based on the scientific, veterinary and other advice available to it, that it will not be appropriate to return to the pre2001 position in which there were no movement controls whatever applied to cattle or sheep in normal circumstances. It believes that movement controls of some kind will be needed for the long term, given that despite the significant improvements the Government is making, absolute import protection will be impossible to achieve. Defra, the Devolved Administrations and local authorities will work together so that, so far as is possible, movement controls are consistent across Great Britain. The Government is keen to ensure that any such controls are proportionate and practical for farmers, and is confident that the suite of studies now in progress will provide the information and analysis needed to achieve that outcome in consultation with all interested parties.
3.4 Identification and tracing
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The aim of the new Livestock Identification Programme, as recommended by the Lessons Learned Inquiry, is to improve the identification and tracing of UK livestock by introducing a single platform of animal information, with electronic identification for individual cattle, sheep and, if required, pigs. This will allow keepers to scan their livestock with a piece of equipment for reading the individual electronic identification device, and then transfer this digital data, either directly, or through an office system, to a central Defra database.
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These new methods of livestock identification and tracing will be introduced over the next few years, most probably starting with sheep and goats. Plans are, however, dependent on EU decisions. Recent statements from the European Commission lead the Government to expect proposals on individual sheep and goat identification to be presented to the Council and European Parliament shortly.
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In consultation with stakeholders, Defra and the Devolved Administrations will develop new and simpler business processes to make use of the improved ways of keeping individual animal information. They will further rationalise IT systems and data standards established so that accurate animal information can be maintained.
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Animal data from a number of databases, including the British Cattle Movement Service, will be consolidated and a data cleansing exercise undertaken. This provides opportunities to rationalise the way similar information is collected and held by Government for a wide range of purposes. Business process change will reduce red tape burdens on producers by providing a central point of contact for collecting information for disease monitoring and control, verification of animal subsidy claims, improved traceability of sheep, goats and potentially pigs, feedback to external stakeholders and improved consumer assurance on quality UKproduced meat. New money has been made available over the next three years for major IT developments necessary to deliver the Livestock Identification programme.
3.5 Biosecurity
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Biosecurity has rightly been identified by the two inquiries as a key element of disease control. Biosecurity elements of disease control in an outbreak are covered in Section 4. To a large extent, the prevention of animal disease will rely on the keepers of livestock and promotion of good biosecurity practices.
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The Government is conscious of the need to continue progress towards achieving higher standards of biosecurity, and to build on the foundations now in place. This will not only help to protect livestock against a new incursion of exotic disease but also help to control endemic diseases.
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The Government regularly issues advice on biosecurity measures in relation to particular species or diseases. This is available on the internet and by direct mailing to known keepers of livestock. Continued funding for research to provide the most up to date information on how to prevent disease transmission will be necessary to underpin the provision of targeted advice. In addition, the Government needs to review the provision of advice in order to determine whether there are more effective ways of getting the message across, and to make it readily accessible to the target audience. The provision of a biosecurity code which is all encompassing should help.
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The Government recognises that good biosecurity should form part of the education of livestock keepers and others associated with animals. The Government will ensure that biosecurity training is addressed in the programme taking forward the commitment announced on 26 March 2002 to review the effectiveness of training and education for farmers and other land managers.
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Good biosecurity inevitably has a cost for farm businesses. However, it is a good investment. The Government needs to keep the possibility of providing financial incentives for good practice under review, and incorporate it where possible into Government policies. Possible examples of incentives for achievement of biosecurity standards might include abatement of levy payments or top up payments of subsidies under the reformed Common Agricultural Policy.
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There may be scope for improving biosecurity by adapting and extending biosecurity standards in farm assurance schemes. As assurance schemes are privately run voluntary initiatives the scheme administrators would have to take this forward. The Government has written to them to draw their attention to the recommendations on assurance in the Lessons Learned Inquiry and to seek information on the extent to which biosecurity is already a condition of assurance schemes.
4.1 Planned approach
4.1.1 The Government’s objective in tackling any fresh outbreaks of FMD will be to eradicate the disease as quickly as possible and to maintain the UK’s diseasefree status, as recommended by the inquiries. In doing so, the Government will seek to select a control strategy which:
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minimises the number of animals which need to be slaughtered, either to control the disease or on welfare grounds, and which keeps animal welfare problems to a minimum;
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causes the least possible disruption to the food, farming and tourism industries, to visitors to the countryside, and to rural communities and the wider economy;
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minimises damage to the environment and protects public health; and
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minimises the burden on taxpayers and the public at large.
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The Government will base its decisions on the best available scientific and veterinary advice, including advice from the Defra Science Advisory Group, taking the views and interests of all stakeholders into account.
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This section describes how the Government would approach an outbreak of FMD (or another animal disease). In many cases a considerable programme of work is required before all the elements become fully established parts of a response to a disease outbreak. In addition, the Government and in particular Defra will be working with stakeholders to produce an outcome which commands widespread acceptance. The circumstances of each outbreak are unique. The plans described below have to be read with this in mind.
4.2 Emergency response structures
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The Government is committed to improving its emergency preparedness for an outbreak of exotic animal disease. Defra will lead in dealing with such an emergency, working closely with the Devolved Administrations and the local authorities. It has established an Emergency Preparedness Programme Board to ensure that full preparedness is achieved. This is chaired by the Director of the State Veterinary Service and includes representatives from other parts of Defra, the Devolved Administrations, the Environment Agency, the Local Government Association and the Local Authority Coordinators of Regulatory Services (LACORS).
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The goals of the Emergency Preparedness Programme are to enable Defra and the Government to manage down risks, impacts and costs during a disease outbreak, to be ready at all times to take timely action to achieve this and, in addition, to reduce the probability of an outbreak. The Programme will drive forward work on policy issues, emergency operational issues and contingency plans. The work ranges from developing contingency plans for all exotic diseases, training staff in their use and exercising and testing them, through the development of new IT systems for recording data on animal disease control to work to control the illegal importation of meat and meat products into the UK and the development of vaccination and culling policies. A diagram of the programme plan is opposite.
The Preparedness Programme
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The Emergency Preparedness Programme Board is responsible for ensuring that all elements of the policies relating to the control of an outbreak of exotic animal disease such as handling suspect cases, decisions on culling policies, the approach to be taken on vaccination and policies relating to movement restrictions are up to date within the legal framework and in the light of other policy changes. The Board will check that operational readiness is being achieved by, for example, reviewing and developing the hierarchy of disposal options and the necessary related transport arrangements. The Board will ensure that where final policy decisions will not be possible until the nature of a disease outbreak is known, approaches are considered and a decision tree developed so that the factors involved and the process of decision making are transparent and open. The Government will also publish a protocol explaining how it will handle suspect cases of FMD and other vesicular diseases, and it will incorporate this too into the Contingency Plan.
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Defra is developing organisations and structures which it would activate in a disease outbreak. These will provide the framework for the rapid establishment of the offices necessary to support the State Veterinary Service in controlling disease both across the country and in London. This will include the
National Disease Control Centre and local disease control centres based on existing animal health offices which will include teams to deal with finance, procurement and contracts and personnel as well as veterinary, technical and administrative staff engaged directly on disease control. Named and trained senior staff will head the offices and will be posted in as soon as a case is confirmed. The teams will have detailed guidance on their responsibilities and duties together with process maps and instructions to ensure that the offices run efficiently from the outset. Protocols for increasing numbers of staff by loans from other Departments are being developed. These arrangements strengthen those that existed at the beginning of the outbreak last year. In the longer term consideration will be given to more active engagement with all the emergency services in developing local centres.
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Centrally, the national disease control centre will provide the means of directing and managing the disease control operation. It will also be the forum which provides a coordinated approach across Government Departments and brings in other operational partners such as the local authorities, police and those affected by the disease.
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These structures not only provide the management structures for the operation but also the framework for strategic policy decisions and the tactical management of operations. They form an agreed basis for bringing in interested parties, the armed forces, and advice from the Defra Science Advisory Group that were not in place at the start of the outbreak in 2001. They reflect the developments that took place during the outbreak and the experience of staff who were involved. By agreeing and setting out these structures as part of the planning programme and by testing them in contingency exercises Defra can implement them rapidly and effectively when needed.
Staffing
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The Cabinet Office is developing a protocol to manage the increase of staff numbers through the release by all Departments and Agencies of staff for any Department or Agency dealing with a major incident or civil emergency. The Civil Contingencies Secretariat is also reviewing the training and development available for senior managers across Whitehall to establish the skills necessary for managing emergencies. These measures will provide a flexible response to a range of possible challenges.
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To replace and improve upon the current temporary arrangements, Defra is planning an emergency register listing competences and skills for staff willing to serve in an emergency. Contact records of staff who worked on FMD in 2001 in local offices and in headquarters have been retained.
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Emergency preparedness requires all the systems, data recording and type of management information that will be required to be fully thought through, so that from the start of an outbreak the right systems can be implemented and information recorded. Lessons learned in 2001, when data handling, and information gathering was necessarily of a lower priority to controlling disease, are feeding into reviews of IT systems, and into the construction of the data recording and information management structures.
Management and direction
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The inquiries have made recommendations on the importance of clear command lines and communication structures. The management structures that would be introduced in an emergency are being introduced as indicated above. They build on the reorganisation of the State Veterinary Service and its inclusion within the Operations and Service Delivery Directorate General in Defra and provide short clear lines of command, good liaison and better relationships.
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One line of command will manage the disease control operation, from the Director of the State Veterinary Service, who will be Director of Operations, to Regional Operations Directors (RODs) who will lead and manage both the veterinary and administrative teams in the local Disease Control Centres.
The Director of Operations will, where possible, devolve operational decisions to the RODs, with guidance provided on when they should implement central operational policy and where veterinary judgement may be used. This approach builds on lessons learned in 2001 when there was some confusion over lines of command, the complexity of the arrangements was seen to hinder effective communication and the responsibilities at different levels were not always clear. The following diagram sets out the management structure within Defra, indicating the separation of strategy and operations. It also includes a proposed Government FMD Coordination Committee. This will provide the forum for reviewing strategies in wider Government context and for dealing with operational issues that affect other departments. This builds on the role that the Cabinet Office Briefing Room (COBR) took during the last outbreak. These structures are included in the contingency plans and their effectiveness will be tested when the plans are used in exercises. The Emergency Preparedness Programme Board will be concerned to ensure that these structures are understood and can be effectively implemented.
SingleLine Command Structure for Control of FMD
Strategic Level
(Gold)
Tactical Level
(Silver)
Operational Level
(Bronze)
4.2.12 Defra is advertising across Government departments to recruit senior key personnel who will, in a disease emergency, move to fill senior posts as Regional Operations Directors leading the operation in the field, freeing divisional veterinary staff to apply their professional skills and judgement, and ensuring good communication and engagement with local stakeholders. Other named administrative staff will support them, who will also be posted in as soon as the disease is confirmed. They will lead the whole team in the local disease control centre and report to HQ on that basis. They will be responsible for managing an efficient office to provide administrative support to the veterinary operation and, if appropriate, for liaison with the Armed Forces. To prepare for an outbreak they will be trained in emergency management and dealing with the media and will be involved in exercises on the contingency plans to ensure they are familiar with their area and office. Defra will charge them to arrive at their post within a day or so of confirmation of an outbreak and ensure that the field operation and supporting administrative teams run efficiently from the very beginning of an outbreak.
4.2.13 The Welsh Assembly Government’s interim contingency plan includes named individuals to populate operational structures in the event of any future crisis.
Engaging the Armed Forces
4.2.14 Defra will alert the Armed Forces immediately a case of FMD is confirmed so that they can offer advice and support to define their possible role. This will focus, in particular, on the rapid build up of logistical capability. One of the prime purposes of developing detailed contingency plans and the achievement of a state of emergency preparedness, which meets the objectives of the Programme Board, is to enable the operation to be immediately effective and so reduce the need for military involvement. Final decisions on the level and nature of the involvement of the Armed Forces would of course depend on other commitments at the time.
Additional staff
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In addition to identifying key senior staff for local offices as a contingency, arrangements are in hand to post procurement and contracts experts into local disease control centres at the beginning of an outbreak and to build up finance teams from day one. To support these work areas, information and guidance would be available on the internal website to supplement the guidance that has long been available on veterinary and disease control matters. Defra would also draft in one or more personnel experts immediately and engage local staff from the Government News Network. The whole operation would be geared to ensure effective disease control within a framework of good local liaison and communication flow and an efficient administrative back up.
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Defra would increase veterinary staff numbers immediately an outbreak was confirmed, depending on the national and local requirements of the Disease Control Centres. It would achieve this by drawing on other parts of the State Veterinary Service, and Defra agencies, and then as necessary from local veterinary practices, the Food Standards Agency, the Meat Hygiene Service and other Government departments, other areas of employment within the UK, internationally agreed protocols for vets from other countries, and recruitment of temporary veterinary staff. Following their valuable contribution in 2001, Defra would also seek assistance from veterinary colleges for veterinary students to assist and support the vets in specific areas, such as blood sampling and possible vaccination.
Organisation and systems
4.2.17 The experience gained last year by staff is being harnessed through workshops and through business process mapping to develop the most effective administrative systems for dealing with future outbreaks of disease. Increasingly these are IT based and provide the most efficient means of maintaining and developing systems that staff in offices across the country and in the field can use.
Scenario planning
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Various strands of emergency preparedness will be brought together in developing scenarios for FMD contingencies. These will cover a range of possible outbreaks from one case to many simultaneously and will help to develop an assessment of the demands that the Government will need to meet in terms of, for example, personnel resources, disposal facilities, vaccination operations and cleansing and
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One of the most important elements of planning to control an outbreak is the involvement of local authorities because of their responsibility for enforcement and their role in other aspects of life which are affected both by the disease and the control operation. It will be very important to liaise with them over methods of carcass transport and disposal, over the impact of disposal, and over the management of movement restrictions for vehicles and pedestrians, and to engage the support of local organisations in helping those worst affected. Working on contingency planning exercises with local authority staff in seminars at the Emergency Planning College at Easingwold is one way in which staff in Defra are taking forward this element of preparedness.
Communications and media handling
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The current Contingency Plan formalises a detailed timetable for the events which would trigger announcements to the media in a possible future outbreak. Defra alerts the media when 8 km livestock movement restrictions are imposed. A protocol ensures that all internal and stakeholder contacts are informed quickly. Defra will of course report confirmatory laboratory test results as soon as they are known. This largely captures the arrangements followed in 2001.
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If an outbreak occurs, Defra will immediately and rapidly augment existing roundtheclock communications resources at HQ and regionally. To do this immediately, staff from other desks would drop other work, and the majority of the office would work exclusively on the outbreak. The Government will bring in extra staff rapidly and in future a more coordinated approach from the centre will assist Defra in this.
CrossGovernment media handling
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The Government Information and Communication Service central News Coordination Centre (NCC) is now well established. It has a range of capabilities including calloff contracts which it can adapt to different situations. It can augment a department’s individual capacity or augment and coordinate the Government’s effort as a whole.
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A key issue is when to trigger NCC involvement. Normally, this will happen in any crossGovernment crisis involving more than two departments. Then, NCC will take the lead in coordinating the public information effort and disseminating information within Government and key stakeholders. Where the situation is particularly fluid and fast moving, this will include a central press office.
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Where the crisis is not on this scale, the NCC will work to support the communication effort of the lead department. Therefore in any future crisis, Defra would work closely with the NCC. It will either provide coordination, with the NCC disseminating information more widely to the Government News Network in the regions and others; or play a key role in delivering all departmental information and supporting the NCC’s central lead.
HQ ‘hub’
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In forthcoming trial exercises Defra plans to set up a ‘hub and spoke’ system of information exchange with a central hub at HQ and communications “cells” in the regions. If successful this would form the backbone of all communications between the regions and the centre in the event of any crisis. Such a system would emphasise the importance of good communications and of maintaining the flow from the centre of guidance on policies, operational strategies and advice and from the flow from the cells of information on operations and local impacts.
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A central Defra Briefing Unit, set up during the 2001 outbreak, collates and generates departmental briefing for use by the whole of Defra and the rest of Whitehall. Staff from this unit, along with other communication specialists would form the nucleus of a new multidisciplinary “Communications Hub”, colocated with the National Disease Control Centre and would be reinforced as soon as possible with veterinary expertise and others as appropriate. A specialist “webmaster” would take immediate steps to set up a crisis website. The Hub would make briefing available throughout Government by the use of the electronic crossdepartmental briefing system known as the Knowledge Network. This system can be easily and rapidly updated.
Regional communications “cells”
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Defra’s Londonbased regional press desk (set up during the 2001 outbreak) now has a permanent role in Defra’s communications strategy. It monitors regional media and works proactively with the Government News Network (GNN) to coordinate Defra output and coverage. It will ensure that regional links are established quickly.
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One of Defra’s first steps, as in 2001, would be to alert GNN to the need for additional resources. GNN would move staff to work within the regional Defra Disease Control Centres as in 2001 and Defra would reinforce at a local level to create regional communications “cells” capable of handling all operational, policy and media communications. Regional cells would ensure that stakeholders, front line staff and the local media were kept fully informed. They would also be the main information source for technical helplines if set up in affected areas. The cells would also feed back to the central hub details of local activity and intelligence, taking a role in local stakeholder meetings and coordinating briefing information.
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Information would travel between the HQ ‘hub’ and regional communications centres by a variety of means, including Defra’s Knowledge Network and the departmental intranet.
Wider regional communications
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In a crisis there is a key need for enhanced communication at a regional level. This will involve Defra’s many regionally based organisations and other rural key players such as tourism boards, Regional Development Agencies and local authorities. In an animal disease emergency, the Regional Operations Directors will be responsible for liaising with other stakeholders, operational partners and the public so that they are all fully informed of and involved in the disease control effort.
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To facilitate this process, Defra is developing proposals to create regular regional contact groups which bring together, for each region, all parts of the Department (and, possibly other departments) operating in that region. This will deliver better joinedup working on the ground, delivering an improved service by getting more complete feedback from customers and stakeholders, and feeding back operational concerns to improve policy making. Such contact groups were not in place during the 2001 outbreak.
Speed of communications
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Defra is exploring new systems for getting information quickly out to the field, which would be especially useful in a crisis situation. One of the main difficulties is that many field staff come into the office only rarely and when they do, often do not have the time to fully catch up on recent developments.
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Subject to successful trials, mass text messaging (“blasting”) and a dialin message service Defra Direct, would communicate alerts to new information and operational changes directly to field staff . Defra Direct would be a simple dialin recorded message hotline, recorded at a fixed time once a day to highlight the day’s developments and any updates to operational instructions or veterinary policy.
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At national level, Defra would hold stakeholder meetings regularly as before. It will include these in the overall communications systems so that front line staff and helplines are fully briefed. Defra has been evaluating its relationships with its diverse stakeholders. It will produce a stakeholder strategy and set up a central stakeholder database. This will help identify appropriate contacts quickly in any future crisis.
Helplines
4.2.35 Defra has reviewed its helplines to identify how to make it easier for the public and customers to contact the appropriate part of the Department. Defra aims to consolidate the way these operate with a view to setting up a single access number. This contact centre would give callers information directly or transfer them to specialists. Defra will develop plans to provide contingency resources to rapidly expand capacity in the event of a crisis.
4.3 Disease control strategies
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Each disease outbreak is different. Each has to be tackled at speed and inevitably with imperfect information. It will therefore not be possible to prescribe in detail which strategy will be followed in advance of knowing the circumstances of a particular outbreak. This calls for a flexible approach, which recognises that different approaches may be needed in different geographical areas or to deal with different diseases or different species.
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The Government agrees with the Royal Society that a range of possible disease controls should be explored and available, including the strategy of vaccination to live, and, so far as is practicable, decisions taken in advance of outbreaks as to the strategy to be preferred in particular circumstances.
Decision tree
4.3.3 Defra officials have been working on a ‘decision tree’ for FMD control which will set out the criteria by which choices would be made between different strategies, depending on a range of factors. Decisions would be dependent on having relevant information available. Factors include the:
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strain of disease and its infectivity;
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species involved and stocking density;
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types of farms and topography in the area(s) involved;
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seasonal factors, e.g. volume of animal movements; and,
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environmental/climatic conditions (e.g. airborne spread).
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Alongside wider issues such as the:
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availability of human resources (veterinary, slaughtermen, etc);
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availability of physical resources (e.g. for carcass disposal or of vaccine stocks);
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legal framework, public opinion, stakeholder views; and,
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economic considerations, both for farming and for other sectors e.g. tourism.
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The Government is consulting stakeholders about the available FMD control strategies and the ‘decision tree’ approach. The intention is to publish a document that would explain in advance the possible strategies to be adopted in a future outbreak, depending on the nature of the outbreak. The Government believes this will not only aid transparency, and help to build public support, but also help to speed up decision making in the event of a future outbreak by resolving as many issues as possible beforehand.
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FMD is, rightly, a muchfeared disease. It is highly infectious, extremely painful in some species such as cattle and can lead to abortion or be fatal to young animals. For many years the approach of the international community has been to seek to eradicate the disease. The approach has led to trade restrictions in areas where the disease is present and to slaughter of infected animals and those exposed to infection in order to stem the disease’s spread. Indeed, at an international conference sponsored jointly by the UK and Dutch Governments and the EU, this basic approach was reendorsed by Chief Veterinarians and representatives from across the world.
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The sheer scale and impact of the unprecedented FMD outbreak of 2001 mercilessly exposed the full potential impact and the limitations of such a policy. That stark reality has led to the complete reappraisal of the disease control options available and of their use.
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The Royal Society takes the view that “rapid culling of infected premises and known dangerous contacts, combined with movement control and rapid diagnosis, will remain essential to controlling FMD and most other highly infectious diseases,” but “in many cases this will not be sufficient guarantee that the outbreak does not develop into an epidemic.” It also accepts that, although much work remains to be done on what the potential of vaccination might be, “emergency vaccination should now be considered as part of the control strategy from the start of any outbreak of FMD”. (Royal Society key finding 7.) The Government accepts this and the other central recommendations on disease control of the Lessons Learned and Royal Society inquiries.
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The inquiries investigated the issues involved in employing emergency vaccination. Between them they highlighted a range of significant questions that would need to be addressed, particularly as regards vaccination to live, but concluded that once these were resolved, the option of emergency vaccination to live should be the preferred approach.
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The Government accepts that if emergency vaccination is used it should be on the basis of vaccinatetolive wherever possible. During 2001 vaccination was used in the Netherlands, but as a means of managing disposal. All vaccinated animals were slaughtered. Vaccinationtolive was very seriously considered by the British Government at various points in the outbreak.
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As the inquiry reports recognise, there is still work to be done to make emergency vaccinationtolive a fully viable control option on the testing, on logistics, and on the marketability of products from vaccinated animals. European Union legislation will be a determining factor in some of these areas.
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The EU Council Directive on FMD, 85/511 as amended, requires slaughter of all susceptible animals on infected premises, and provides for culling of susceptible animals on epidemiologically linked holdings (known as dangerous contacts). This reflects the EU’s policy of adopting “FMD free without vaccination” status for all Member States, and is provided for in Defra’s current FMD Contingency Plan.
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Beyond this basic strategy, which will apply in all cases, there is a range of additional options and strategies potentially available to meet the circumstances of a particular outbreak and the scientific and veterinary advice. These include:—
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emergency vaccination (either to live or to kill; within an area or in a ring around an area);
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culling of other livestock exposed to the disease (e.g. premises under virus plumes, contiguous premises); and,
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preemptive or ‘firebreak’ culling of animals not on infected premises nor dangerous contacts nor necessarily exposed to the disease, in order to prevent the wider spread of the disease outwith an area.
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The Royal Society accepts, as does the Government, the need for validation of tests to distinguish vaccinated from infected animals. The Government is aware of a variety of NSP (nonstructural protein) tests that are at differing levels of validation. There are currently a number of research projects in the UK, Europe and America and many of the European groups are partners in a European Union Concerted Action project on FMD diagnosis. The main limiting factor for the validation of such tests is the availability of suitable panels of sera, especially from vaccinated and then challenged animals. Defra is supporting research into this area. In addition, the Government also accepts that there is a need to develop accepted strategies for surveillance after vaccination. Indeed, this is something that the OIE has under consideration.
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Constraints on environmentally safe disposal methods, which would need the active involvement of the Environment Agency at the earliest possible stage, will be one of the factors in decisions on whether to adopt emergency vaccination, whether to live or to kill.
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The acceptability and hence the saleability of products from vaccinated animals is a key issue. The apparent lack of support last year from the food and farming sectors was a key factor in the Government deciding not to vaccinate cattle in Cumbria and Devon. The Lessons Learned report highlights this issue.
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The Government is completely satisfied that meat and meat products from vaccinated animals can enter the food chain. The Food Standards Agency advise that the health implications from eating meat, milk or other produce from animals that have been treated with authorised FMD vaccines are negligible. The Government is committed to tackling these issues, in consultation with all interested parties, so that it is in a position to trigger an emergency vaccination campaign should the need arise. This process of consultation will take some time to complete. In the meantime, the Government needs to retain its full armoury of weapons against the disease. Operational issues relating to emergency vaccination are in Annex III.
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Emergency vaccination can only take place as the subject of EU decision. In order for a vaccination strategy to be fully effective there would need to be a concerted EU approach and a new legislative framework at EU level. The Government will actively pursue with the Commission the need for a new framework for the use of vaccination and for the research effort on FMD and animal disease across the EU.
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Last year the EU Decision authorising use of emergency vaccination in the UK laid down a number of postvaccination controls. It is possible that the new draft FMD Directive will include similar provisions. If so, these would require meat from vaccinated animals to be heat treated until at least 30 days have elapsed following vaccination and further restrictions for a period of 12 months. Meat would have to be deboned and matured. There are known to be problems in achieving the required maturation (to get the meat down to the required pH level) in pork and lamb, which is why countries which vaccinate tend to only export beef. The taking of semen, ova and embryos from vaccinated animals would also be prohibited. Vaccinated animals would not be permitted to move out of the vaccination zone for 12 months (except under licence to slaughter).
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The FMD status of all countries is ultimately determined by the OIE. Should emergency vaccination be used, it would be necessary to satisfy all concerned that FMD virus has been eradicated, that all controls relevant to vaccination had been followed, and that vaccinated animals did not harbour FMD. So the Government will also develop with stakeholders an exit strategy designed to permit an early return to ‘diseasefree without vaccination’ status for the UK.
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The Royal Society recommends that Defra should explore with the EU and OIE what improvements to vaccines and surveillance tests are required to allow restoration of disease free status to be based entirely on surveillance results without the requirement for a minimum waiting period. Changes to the OIE code in May 2002 reduced the minimum waiting period from 12 to 6 months following emergency vaccination, provided a stamping out policy had been deployed and a serological survey had adequately demonstrated the absence of infection. The Government believes that this will allow emergency vaccination to be more readily used as a disease control strategy in the future.
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The UK is an importing country as well as an exporting country. The Government therefore is unable to agree that a minimum waiting period following an outbreak should be entirely abolished. Such conditions are intended to protect importing countries including the UK itself from FMD.
Routine (prophylactic) vaccination
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The inquiry reports acknowledge that because of the EU’s declared policy of stamping out the disease and maintaining its “FMD free without vaccination” status, existing EU law only provides for the use of vaccination in an emergency and then only as an aid to disease control.
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The Royal Society proposes that the Government should take the lead in developing an international research programme aimed at an improved vaccine that would permit routine and global vaccination of livestock against FMD and other diseases of animals on List A maintained by the OIE. The Royal Society report underlines the complications associated with routine vaccination including the variety of FMD strains and serotypes, the short immunity period conferred by current vaccines, the need for all susceptible animals to be vaccinated, and the severe trade restrictions that would be imposed.
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The Government agrees that an improved vaccine that would permit routine and global vaccination of livestock against all strains of FMD is a desirable longterm goal. This is an issue of international rather than national scope and would be most effectively led by an international organisation such as the FAO or possibly as an EU initiative. The Government intends to raise this issue with its EU partners in discussions on future research priorities.
Preemptive culling
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The culling of animals that have been exposed to the disease is provided for under existing domestic legislation. The Lessons Learned Inquiry recommended that provision should be made for the possible application of preemptive culling policies, if justified by wellinformed veterinary and scientific advice, and judged to be appropriate to the circumstances. The Government agrees, and powers for preemptive (or preventive) culling of animals not exposed to FMD infection in order to get ahead of the disease and stop it spreading are proposed in the Government’s Animal Health Bill. The Government has published for consultation a draft Disease Control (Slaughter) Protocol to explain the circumstances in which different culling strategies may be used.
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Although such an approach was not needed in 2001 (except insofar as it was part of the effect of the Dutch Government’s vaccinate and cull policy), there were moments of great danger during that outbreak when a shift in the pattern of the disease might have been catastrophic. The Government thus believes, as did the Lessons Learned Inquiry, that it is necessary at present to maintain such flexibility.
4.4 Movement restrictions
4.4.1 Movement controls in the absence of disease were discussed in Section 3.3. On suspicion of disease, the Royal Society recommends that the Government should impose a local movement ban while samples are sent to an OIE reference laboratory for diagnosis. The EU requires that an approved national laboratory carries the diagnosis of FMD. In the case of the UK, this is the Institute for Animal Health at Pirbright, which is one of four OIE – approved laboratories and the Food and Agriculture Organisation World Reference Laboratory. The imposition of movement bans in an 8km radius around the suspect case is part of current practice and was applied promptly in February 2001. It has been successfully applied in four suspect cases since FMD was eradicated, all of which turned out negative, and is part of Defra’s Contingency Plan.
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Both the Royal Society and Lessons Learned Inquiry reports favour an immediate national ban on livestock movements once the first case is confirmed. The Government would maintain this until it determined the extent of the outbreak when it would review it. There would be clear instructions on how to deal with animals in transit at the time the ban is imposed. The Government agrees that, in any future outbreak, once a case has been confirmed it should put in place a national ban on the movement of susceptible livestock – along with a suspension of livestock markets at once while tracings continue. Defra’s Contingency Plan for FMD sets this policy out.
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The Government will aim to allow livestock movements to resume as quickly as possible after a national ban has been imposed. This will help to minimise animal welfare difficulties and to maintain supplies to the food chain. This will be easiest outside infected areas once these have been established and the potential spread of the disease ascertained. Arrangements will also be made to facilitate such movements within infected areas where this can be done without raising undue risks of disease spread. The aim will be to lift additional movement restrictions imposed as a result of the outbreak as quickly as possible. The period and measures would depend on the scale, geographical extent and duration of any outbreak.
Public rights of way
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The Government recognises that empowering local authorities to close footpaths and other public rights of way outside Infected Areas at the start of the 2001 outbreak, although undertaken for the best of motives and – initially at least – widely supported, went too far. The Royal Society report (at paragraph 3.24) points out that the actual risk of walkers who come into contact with livestock spreading the disease is poorly understood. The veterinary risk assessments carried out by MAFF and later by Defra suggest that the risk is very low, unless there is direct contact with successive groups of livestock.
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Accordingly, the Contingency Plan makes clear that, in the event of a future FMD outbreak, public rights of way closures would be restricted to the Infected Areas and, if circumstances were similar to those of 2001, would probably be required only in a 3km radius around infected premises. The Government plans to produce a protocol on public rights of way closures to help guide local authorities, major landowners such as the National Trust, and members of the public. A draft is being issued for consultation.
4.5 Biosecurity during an outbreak
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The Royal Society recommends that when an outbreak occurs, the Government should instigate enhanced biosecurity at all levels, and that it should offer advice and support to help farmers and others achieve this. It had in mind a 72 hours total ban on movements on or off farms in a 10km radius surrounding the infected premises. The Lessons Learned Inquiry recommended that the Government should build the use of Restricted Infected Areas (“Blue Box”) biosecurity arrangements into contingency plans. The “Blue Box” controls in 2001 involved additional licensing, inspection and enforcement efforts by local authorities on vehicles entering farms in the designated areas. The controls were resource intensive but provided better compliance with biosecurity requirements.
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The Government accepts the thrust of these recommendations. As a first step, the FMD Contingency Plan provides that, in the event of a fresh outbreak, the Government will impose a Restricted Infected Area, rather than the normal Infected Area, in a 10km radius.
4.6 Disposal
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The Lessons Learned Inquiry has recommended that the burning of animals on mass pyres should not be used again as a strategy for disposal of slaughtered animals. The Government has reviewed its disposal strategy for future animal disease outbreaks in the light of the experience of the 2001 epidemic, its studies of disposal costs, and the recommendations of the inquiries.
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A revised disposal hierarchy is set out in the FMD Contingency Plan, as follows:
Commercial incineration
Rendering
Licensed landfill
4.6.3 This has altered significantly from the hierarchy agreed in April 2001 with the Environment Agency and the Department of Health. The level and availability of disposal capacity using these routes will be a factor in considering the possible use of alternatives to wider culling strategies, for example emergency vaccination. The Government will not use mass pyres in the future but it cannot completely rule out the use of alternative disposal routes such as onfarm or mass burial if demand exceeds the capacity of the preferred options of incineration/rendering and licensed landfill. In planning disposal methods Defra will liaise with the local authorities to develop transport routes and disposal options that pose least risk to the local community and environment. One consequence of the new approach is that the mass burial sites acquired by the Government during the 2001 epidemic can now be disposed of, although the Government will continue to take responsibility for monitoring and managing the areas which hold carcasses.
Incineration
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Although rendering was the most favoured option for disposal during the FMD outbreak of 2001 (mainly due to the much larger capacity these plants could offer in comparison to incineration) incineration is now placed at the top of the hierarchy. This is because a review of capacity found that large animal incineration would be able to cope with the first 4872 hours of a new outbreak. Defra will put contingency contracts in place with incinerator plant operators to confirm these arrangements.
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Suitable rendering plants are currently contracted to either dispose of animal byproducts or bovine carcasses under the Over Thirty Months scheme. To remove a rendering plant from its normal operation, transfer it across to FMD material and then subsequently thoroughly cleanse and disinfect the plant is a lengthy and costly process. Therefore disposal through incineration will remain the first option in the first 4872 hours of a new outbreak. If it becomes evident that incineration capacity is not going to be able to cope with demand then the Government would rapidly call upon rendering plants.
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Seven incinerator operators have agreed to take carcasses if required, although one could only be used if it fell inside an infected area (as there are susceptible livestock nearby).
Rendering
4.6.7 Defra currently has a calloff agreement in place with a rendering plant to provide rendering capacity at 48 hours notice. Similar arrangements are in place in Scotland. These arrangements were not in place in 2001; instead Defra relied on the existing contracts held by the Rural Payments Agency. If demand exceeds this, it will bring further plants on stream. There are some 20 rendering plants in the UK but only 7 or 8 are likely to be suitable given their size or location. Defra would also seek to minimise the distances that carcasses were transported when bringing plants online. Defra has established a number of disease scenarios and using a range of modelling techniques it will develop a series of model outbreaks. It will then apply the disposal options to those models and identify key trigger points. This work will build on the experience of last year and the contracts the Rural Payments Agency already have in place with rendering operators.
4.6.8 Defra will work closely with the rendering industry to ensure that best use can be made of existing capacity.
Licensed landfill
4.6.9 Licensed landfill would be used if demand exceeds capacity at incineration and rendering plants. Defra is working to agree how licensed landfill capacity could be used, taking into account proximity to areas of the country with a high livestock density. Defra is leading discussions with representatives of the landfill industry to identify the most suitable sites.
Development of the future disposal hierarchy
4.6.10 The Government recognises that there are a number of factors that may impact on the disposal hierarchy in the future. These include the implementation of possible new environmental or waste management legislation and any changes to capacity and accessibility of all the disposal outlets. Defra will review the hierarchy regularly, in consultation with relevant stakeholders, to take account of these issues.
4.7 Welfare
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Concern for animal welfare is at the heart of contingency planning for any future disease outbreak or emergency. In the case of a disease outbreak or emergency where the animals are killed, the plan will include the already well established procedures to maintain welfare standards during emergency slaughter. The assessment will also include the wider welfare impact of culling. For example, culling can have a welfare benefit if it shortens the time course of the outbreak and thereby reduces the needs for longterm movement restrictions. There are also welfare aspects to the vaccination option. While a “vaccinate to live” strategy could mean that fewer animals need to be culled there is a welfare cost in that vaccination also involves movement restrictions. Defra will take all of this into account in welfare planning.
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Where possible, animals should be kept alive and healthy where they are. This is first of all the responsibility of the farmer, but there may be need for Government assistance through a licensed movement scheme or an arrangement to move fodder to animals precluded from movements. An animal welfare disposal scheme is an option of very last resort, as it is clearly undesirable to slaughter animals unless absolutely necessary. The Government would not offer compensation; experience has shown that payments to farmers under such schemes can provide a disincentive for them to take responsibility for looking after their animals, and may also create a false market. Nevertheless, such schemes must remain part of the contingency planning process. Defra will continue to work on the amount of detailed contingency planning needed adequately to protect animal welfare. The key indicator for welfare schemes will be the number of welfare problems resolved.
4.8 Compensation
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The Lessons Learned Inquiry and the National Audit Office report revealed serious problems in the system of compensation for slaughtered livestock operated through the 2001 epidemic – the greatest single cost to the taxpayer, amounting to £1.2 billion. The Government believes that fundamental changes are needed here both in the principles involved and the administration. The Government is currently reviewing the arrangements for compensation payments. It is also working on policy options for risk sharing of costs in dealing with future animal disease outbreaks with the livestock industry. One possibility under consideration is a levy; the Government would only implement this following the establishment of a definitive movements regime and further progress on illegal imports, and it would set the level taking full account of farm incomes.
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The Animal Health Act 1981 requires the payment of compensation at the value of the animal immediately before the time it was affected with FMD or, for animals not showing clinical signs, the value at the time of slaughter. Similar, though not necessarily identical, arrangements apply for a number of other animal diseases. In most cases valuation is undertaken by a professional valuer prior to slaughter of the animals. During the 2001 outbreak, values for animals tended to rise as more and more were slaughtered. The Government’s major priority in fighting FMD was to slaughter animals as soon as possible to curtail spread of the disease. With hindsight, the introduction of Standard Valuations – in an effort to speed up the valuation and slaughter process – was not successful. Livestock owners retained the option of having individual valuation and the majority did so. The absence of markets in effect withdrew a benchmark for the valuers and the Standard Valuations tended to set a floor on the market. In addition, many animals were slaughtered at a time in their life when they would not normally be slaughtered or sold
– for example, at the peak of their production cycle. The Government is keen to address these issues in both the short and the longer term.
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In the short term, as part of the process of tightening up procedures, Defra is moving to having a formal national list of valuers approved on the basis of their qualifications and experience in livestock valuation. The first valuers were approved in October and more will be approved in November. On appointment each valuer receives detailed instructions on carrying out valuations. The fees for valuation have been revised from the much criticised basis of 1% of valuation (with daily minima and maxima of £500 and £1500) used in 2001 to an hourly rate for time spent at the valuation and reasonable travelling time.
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Secondly, Defra is appointing a panel of senior monitor valuers. It will be their role to review the instructions and guidance to valuers and agree additional ones needed during an outbreak. They will review valuations in disease outbreaks.
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Thirdly, Defra is also currently undertaking a study of FMD 2001 valuations to determine if there were patterns or trends in factors affecting valuations. The study will be based on a sample of payment files and will collect and analyse supporting documentation to help explain the reasons for the valuations reached. The study should be able to report its findings by the end of the year. Defra will use this to compare with and provide explanations to observations made by EU Auditors and the National Audit Office, for example, regarding the high levels of valuations. It will also use it to inform discussions on reform of animal valuation policy.
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In the slightly longer term, a review of all the animal disease compensation arrangements is also being undertaken with a view to longerterm rationalisation and simplification. Part of this process will be to look at the case for compulsory standard valuations that would apply for compensation for all notifiable animal diseases. This would remove the need for individual valuation in many or most cases.
Such a system would help speed up the slaughtering process and would ensure a greater degree of uniformity in animal valuation. Defra intends to consult on rationalised compensation proposals by the end of 2002. Compulsory standard valuations would facilitate estimates of the funds which would need to be raised from industry and would also sit well with standard levy rates. Rationalisation of compensation will require an overhaul of primary and secondary legislation. A complete rationalisation of compensation may not therefore be implemented before 2004.
4.8.7 The Lessons Learned Inquiry recommended that the joint Defra Industry Working Group for Animal Disease Insurance ensure that its scope and membership is set widely enough to address valuation and compensation issues highlighted by the 2001 outbreak. The Group has met three times to discuss both animal disease compensation and animal disease levy/insurance options, and Defra will advise it of the results of consultations described in this section.
RECOMMENDATION RESPONSE
LL R1 We recommend that the Government, led by Defra, should develop a national strategy for animal health and disease control positioned within the framework set out in the report of the Policy Commission on the Future of Farming and Food. This strategy should be developed in consultation and partnership with the farming industry and with representatives of the wider rural economy. The European Commission, the devolved administrations in Scotland and Wales, local authorities and other agencies of government should be involved In this process. (p12)
LL R2 We recommend that lessons learned be routinely reviewed in the light of changing circumstances. Policies, plans and preparations should be adapted accordingly. (p25)
LL R3 We recommend that there be a reappraisal of Local Veterinary Inspectors’ roles and conditions. (p28)
LL R4 We recommend that where regional boundaries of Government Offices do not match those of local authorities or other agencies of government, special provision should be made in contingency planning for management and communications during a crisis.
Accept. The Government is committed to preparing an Animal Health and Welfare Strategy, which has also been recommended by the Policy Commission and the Royal Society. These inquiries provide invaluable guidance on the areas on which the Strategy should concentrate. The Government will engage the widest possible interests in its preparation.
Accept. The Government recognises the need to review lessons, policies and plans in the light of changing circumstances. In terms of contingency plans for animal diseases, the Government agrees that plans will have to be kept under constant review. Similar steps are being taken by the Welsh Assembly Government.
Accept. Defra is undertaking a review of the current use of private veterinary surgeons, inviting comment from the main stakeholders. Defra is seeking in particular to improve the training of Local Veterinary Inspectors and their use in emergency situations.
Accept. The Government fully appreciates the efficiency gains from having common regional boundaries. Where this is not the position liaison with all operational agencies particularly across boundaries is emphasised as an important part of local contingency planning. In addition, the Civil Contingencies Secretariat provides the central focus for the crossdepartmental and crossagency coordination necessary for the UK to deal effectively with the domestic impact of disruptive challenges and crises. There are also plans to establish dedicated contingency planning teams in each Government Office region.
LL R5 We recommend that the Government build an up to date database of livestock, farming and marketing practices. This should include research to examine the evolution of regional livestock stocking densities and implications for disease risk control. (p30)
LL R6 We recommend that contingency plans set out procedures to be followed in the event that an emergency expands beyond worstcase expectations. (p36)
LL R7 We recommend that provision be made in contingency plans for rapid prioritisation of a Department’s work in the face of a crisis, and for speedy reassignment of resources. (p36)
Not accepted in this form. The Government recognises the importance of being well informed on farming practices and on the location and numbers of livestock. A major programme of work is in hand to improve livestock identification and tracing and this will, in due course, enable comprehensive databases on livestock holdings.
At the same time, Defra has an active programme of stakeholder engagement, designed to ensure that officials are uptodate with changes in practice, and have strong links with the industry.
In view of the rapid pace of change in farming practices, especially in the light of planned changes to the subsidy regimes, the Government does not believe it would be practicable or costeffective to develop a separate database of farming practices.
The Animal Health and Welfare Strategy will consider the links between animal health and animal husbandry.
Accept. Scenario planning is under way to provide the background for many aspects of disease control including vaccination and disposal. Defra is developing its arrangements through crossdepartmental exercises and work with the Civil Contingencies Secretariat to increase its staff resources. The Welsh Assembly Government is also involved in these exercises.
Accept. Proposals are currently being drawn up to ensure that Defra and other Departments, in response to an initiative from the Civil Contingencies Secretariat, can respond quickly in emergency situations, provide staff both within Defra and to other Government Departments and put in place arrangements for mobilising help from other Departments.
In Defra the Management Board will consider how work should be prioritised in the event of a crisis and how resources should be reassigned, taking into account the possible nature, location and duration of such an event.
LL R8 We recommend that Defra develop its human resources plans for use in emergency. In particular they should focus on how staff numbers and expertise can be rapidly increased at a time of crisis. This should be developed in England in consultation with the Cabinet Office, the regional Coordination unit and the network of Government Offices. Similar arrangements should be developed in Scotland and Wales. (p36)
LL R9 We recommend that accepted best practice in risk analysis be used by Defra and others in developing livestock health and disease control strategies. (p38)
Accept. The Cabinet Office is developing a protocol for managing the release by all Departments of staff for any Department dealing with a major incident or civil contingency. This is being developed as a Memorandum of Understanding.
The Civil Contingencies Secretariat will also develop managers with skills suitable for managing emergencies, drawn from across Whitehall, who will be able to provide support either for their own Department or for others.
These measures are designed to provide a flexible response to a range of possible challenges, rather than specifically an outbreak of animal disease. They will complement and support the contingency plans developed by each Department and Agency for those areas of public service for which they are responsible. The Regional Coordination Unit/Government Office network is fully involved in the development of these measures.
Defra is seeking to identify people within Government service who have the necessary skills and who would be willing to fill key posts in an animal disease emergency and those who would be available for wider administrative tasks. This will implement that part of the National Audit Office recommendation 3, which calls for contingency plans to include the deployment of staff.
Similarly, the Welsh Assembly Government is actively working on plans to release trained human resources for use in an emergency. This is covered in their Contingency Plan.
Accept. Defra is using formal risk assessment techniques on illegal imports and many aspects of work on Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies. The same approach is also being applied to animal movement controls. The Contingency Plan will also be based on risk analysis as recommended by the National Audit Office recommendation 1.
LL R10 We recommend that Government departments ensure that their own internal departmental arrangements properly resource contingency planning work. This should be monitored by the National Audit Office. (p39)
LL R11 We recommend that the Government publish a biennial report to the nation on the level of preparedness to tackle animal disease emergencies. The first report should be published in 2003 and include measures of achievement against goals. (p39)
LL R12 We recommend that the Government ensure that best practice from import regimes elsewhere be incorporated with domestic practices where appropriate. (p47)
LL R13 We recommend that the European Commission lead a targeted risk based approach designed to keep FMD out of EU Member States. The UK should work alongside other EU Member States to highlight areas of greater risk. (p47)
Accept. As a condition of the SR2002 settlement, Departments are required to agree with the Civil Contingencies Secretariat (CCS) their contribution to building the agreed capabilities, detailing what measures they propose to deliver, the timescale and the associated resources. Departments, the CCS and the Treasury will work together to ensure that these plans are in place. The CCS will consult the National Audit Office to consider their role in the monitoring process.
Accept in principle. Defra accepts the principle of giving a regular account of the level of preparedness to tackle animal disease emergencies, though the precise mechanism and ownership needs to be considered further. The views of stakeholders will be taken during the consultation on the Animal Health and Welfare Strategy.
Accept in principle. The Government agrees on the need to learn from others’ experience where applicable, but the results have to be applied to our own circumstances. Controls that work in relatively small international ports and airports with low throughput may not be practicable in Dover or Heathrow, where the majority of freight and passengers are travelling from within a free trade area.
Accept in principle. This is primarily a matter for the European Commission. The Government will be discussing with them the findings from the Lessons Learned Inquiry. We will also share with them the results of the ‘illegal imports’ Risk Assessment. The global situation with regard to the occurrence of FMD and other diseases, particularly with regard to its third country trading partners, is monitored closely by both the European Commission and the UK either through direct contacts with third countries, via the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) or through the FAO European Commission on FMD.
LL R14 We recommend that Defra be given responsibility for coordinating all the activities of Government to step up efforts to keep illegal meat imports out of the country. This should include better regulations and improved surveillance on illegal imports of meat and mea