Response to the Reports of the Foot and Mouth Disease Inquiries
Cm 5637 Gratis
Response to the Reports of the Foot and Mouth Disease Inquiries
Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs by Command of Her Majesty November 2002
Laid before the National Assembly for Wales by the Deputy First Minister and Minister for Rural Development and Wales Abroad November 2002
Cm 5637 Gratis
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It is an indication of the Government’s wish to learn and apply the lessons of the recent FootandMouth Disease (FMD) outbreak that, barely three months after the reports of Dr Anderson’s Lessons Learned Inquiry and the Royal Society’s scientific review of Infectious diseases in livestock, I am able to introduce the Government response to those reports.
It is not much more than a year since the last case of FMD. The speed with which we have been able to take stock and draw lessons from this appalling outbreak is a tribute to the hard work of the two inquiry teams. I am very grateful to Dr Anderson and Sir Brian Follett and their teams for this. We have also benefited from the National Audit Office’s report, which is being considered by the Public Accounts Committee.
The Royal Society had a wide remit to review infectious diseases of livestock. Its unique contribution has given a clear and authoritative scientific basis on which to take forward the work described in this response, given from an independent standpoint.
Dr Anderson has also given us his independent view of the epidemic, and of the lessons learned. His independence is demonstrated by his sometimes trenchant comments in the report. As I made clear in my statement to the House of Commons on the report, we accept that mistakes were made. While not necessarily agreeing with every observation and comment in the two reports, we accept that there are clear lessons to be learned: for example, the need for greater flexibility in contingency planning and closer involvement of stakeholders in those plans; the need for speed in scaling up operations; better communications; and handling the vast scale of operations that were required in some areas. I also accept that we need to continue to work on cultural change in Defra.
We are determined, as this response shows, to set out programmes of work which will need to be taken forward, so that the lessons are not only learned, but also applied. Defra will do this in an open way, consulting where possible all those with an interest, to build a new framework in which outbreaks of animal diseases can be handled in partnership with the farming industry, the wider rural community and other key stakeholders such as local authorities. We accept the need for regular reviews of and reports on animal disease preparedness and will consider the mechanism for this with stakeholders.
I share Dr Anderson’s hope that not only the Government but everyone with an interest in the future of farming and the wider rural economy will look to learn the lessons of the epidemic, apply the recommendations and thereby collectively ensure that the experience of 2001 is never repeated.
Rt Hon Margaret Beckett MP Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
7. Section 3 deals with strengthening disease prevention. The inquiries called for enhancement to disease surveillance at the EU level. They also recommended action to tackle illegal meat imports and enhanced systems of control. They recommended as wide as possible an involvement of those with a role in surveillance. On animal movements, both inquiries recommended that the Government should base restrictions on wider considerations including a costbenefit analysis. They called for a comprehensive livestock tracing system. The inquiry reports stress the importance of good biosecurity, both in terms of effective biosecurity measures and the active involvement of all those dealing with livestock. Key points in the Government’s response are:
12. In addition:
13. Other key points are:
A new approach – Strategies for Sustainable Farming and Food and Animal Health and Welfare
1.4 The response can be read on its own. But it also needs to be seen in the context of two forthcoming major strategy documents:
Lessons Learned
1.9 The report says that these lessons should be incorporated into a national strategy designed to:
1.10 The Government firmly endorses these conclusions. Detailed responses to the report’s recommendations are in Annex I.
Scientific aspects – the Royal Society
Animal Health and Welfare Strategy
Other inquiries
1.18 There have been a number of other inquiry processes as a result of the 2001 outbreak. These include:
A new department: new ways of working
1.28 Systems
1.29 Speed
1.30 Science
1.31 Defra therefore has in hand a major programme of work which will reform and speed up the way it goes about its business, and specifically in relation to animal disease emergencies.
A modern State Veterinary Service
2.1 Contingency planning Governmentwide framework for contingency planning
Developing the Contingency Plan
might arise should be best addressed. Existing contingency plans for other exotic diseases are also being reviewed and updated. The last version of the FMD interim Contingency Plan was placed on the Defra website on 3 July for consultation. A revised version of the FMD Contingency Plan appears on the Defra website to coincide with the publication of this response. This builds on the interim Plan and provides the administrative framework for local office contingency plans and detailed veterinary instructions. A new division in the State Veterinary Service is now working to keep the plan as a living document, updating and augmenting it as policies are developed and exercises completed.
2.1.9 The Contingency Plan is being developed in modules. The core modules will cover the strategic level of the command structure, the establishment of a national disease control centre responsible for reporting disease and the administration, liaison and communication structures that are necessary to support the veterinary effort and disease control at a national level. It will also cover the setting up and expansion of local disease control centres with arrangements for engaging additional veterinary, technical and administrative staff. Revised arrangements for initiating the FMD disease control operation will form another module and additional modules will be prepared for other diseases or groups of diseases depending on the species affected or the way in which the disease spreads.
2.1.10 Defra will also develop modules to cover wider aspects of dealing with a disease outbreak. These will include the development of a “procurement package” to ensure that all staff have immediately available to them guidance on cost effective procurement and draft model contracts. Similarly a financial package will provide instruction and guidance to those brought in to work on finance and compensation. The recruitment and management of staff form another module. Each local office also maintains its own detailed contingency plan which complements the nationally agreed disease control structures and arrangements for increasing staff with local contact lists and other locally relevant information.
Implementing policies
2.1.11 Contingency plans are not only concerned with operational issues. They reflect and build on disease control policies. The current Contingency Plan is based on the current disease control policies which include targets for slaughter on infected premises, implementation of a GB wide movement standstill of susceptible livestock, withdrawal of export licences for animals and animal products and disposal by incineration followed by disposal by rendering. If policies change, plans will be reviewed and amended accordingly. Arrangements for emergency vaccination are being further developed building on those set up during the 2001 outbreak.
Involving others
Training and Exercises
Parliamentary debate
2.1.16 The inquiries recommended that Parliament should debate and confirm the contingency plans either as a framework at the outset or as a complete document on a regular basis. It is clearly important that there should be understanding of the plans at all levels. The Government will therefore be providing the plans to the Select Committee on Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and bringing them to Parliament once further work and testing has taken place.
Welsh Assembly Contingency Planning
2.1.17 The Welsh Assembly Government has developed its own interim contingency plan in conjunction with partners and stakeholders. This has been subject to public consultation which ended in October. There is close liaison between Defra and the Welsh Assembly Government to ensure consistency of approach regarding contingency planning, with joint training and exercises planned for the future.
2.2 Communications
2.2.3 Experience, especially in the early stages of the 2001 outbreak, highlighted the urgent need for improvements in various aspects of communications. In particular, for more coordination and explanation of the often very complex technical information involved; ways of keeping all staff across the organisation better and more quickly informed and the limitations of this when communicating with staff spending most of their time out of the office; and the need for better ways of working with regional media. These issues were addressed, as much as possible, during the outbreak, but work has continued to improve communications throughout Defra, both in “peacetime” and to explore and set up new ways of working in any future crisis. More detail is provided in Section 4.2.
2.3 Risk management
2.4 Legislative framework International rules – the OIE
2.4.3 If a country loses the status of ‘FMD free country or zone where vaccination is not practised’ due to an outbreak, it can regain this status:
European Community legislation – Directive 85/511
Domestic legislation – the Animal Health Act
2.4.9 In Great Britain the Animal Health Act 1981 provides the legal basis to control animal diseases. Within GB, the execution of the powers laid down in this legislation rests, in varying degrees, with Devolved Administrations in Scotland and Wales. Animal health is fully devolved to the Scottish Parliament, which has primary and secondary legislative responsibility. Separate but parallel legislation applies to Northern Ireland, reflecting its status as a separate epidemiological unit from GB, and its need to take account of rules applying in the Irish Republic.
1 The Bill before the Westminster Parliament applies to England and Wales only; separate legislation is being prepared for consideration by the Scottish Parliament.
2.4.14 The Lessons Learned Inquiry suggested that there might be a more general review of the Animal Health legislation. The Government agrees with this, and will address the scope and nature of future legislation next year following publication of the Animal Health and Welfare Strategy. This is likely to involve rationalisation of existing regulation, covering issues such as encouraging better biosecurity, harmonising systems of compensation and risk sharing as between industry and the taxpayer.
2.5 Research
2.5.1 The Government is aware of the importance of sound science underpinning the formation and application of policy. It was for that reason that the Royal Society was asked to review the scientific questions that underlie animal disease policy. Their report represents an important contribution to the policy process.
Investment and coordination of research
2.5.2 The Royal Society rightly stresses the importance of investing in research – and surveillance and monitoring – to underpin the development and application of Government policies. The Government accepts the need to increase spending in this area and will strengthen coordination across funders, including EU funded research. The key issues identified by the Royal Society are the prioritisation and coordination of funders’ work so as to maximise the impact of scientific endeavour. This will inform the amount of public funding needed.
Research funding
2.5.3 The Royal Society summarises the interest and involvement of a number of Government funders
– and also the Wellcome Trust and the Animal Health Trust – in supporting scientific programmes. Together, these represent a substantial investment in understanding and dealing with infectious diseases of livestock. Annex II sets out the current position of the major funders and includes a note on infrastructure matters. This covers Defra, the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), the Department for International Development, the Scottish Executive, Northern Ireland and the Wellcome Trust. The analysis shows that there continues to be a range of new and important research work in farm animal diseases as well as farm animal welfare.
2.5.4 The Government is committed to funding necessary research into animal disease and to increasing spending on animal disease research. But further work is needed to decide if it is justified to invest £250m of new money over the next ten years. It is essential that research needs are analysed and work is well in hand to do this, taking account of the research areas identified by the Royal Society. The Government’s research priorities will be formulated within Defra’s Animal Health and Welfare Strategy, taking account of work that will rightly be undertaken on an EU or international basis (see below). Government funders are now working through their spending review settlements. Whilst different funders have different settlements, the total Research and Development programme expenditure for each will at least be protected in real terms at the levels of the previous spending round throughout the years to 2005/6. Appropriate levels of funding will then be allocated to animal disease research within the settlement amounts.
Research coordination
European research
Veterinary teaching and research
2.5.9 The Government accepts that veterinary teaching and research needs additional funding and will allocate an additional £25m over the next five years.
Independent advice
Applied research unit
3.1 International intelligence and import controls
3.1.7 Over £3 million is being spent this financial year to implement the measures set out in the Action Plan. Of this, £1.5 million is funding additional enforcement officers at ports and airports. This began in October and is being rolled out to a number of ports and airports. In the first three weeks of working at Felixstowe, over 1 tonne of products of animal origin were seized.
Risk Assessment
3.1.8 The Government is determined to achieve a stepchange in its illegal imports controls. It accepts the recommendations of the inquiries and stakeholder interests that these controls must be evidence based. It therefore commissioned a risk analysis to provide an answer to the question:
for each specified hazard, what is the probability per year that the importation of meat will result in at least one infection of the specified hazard in the GB livestock population
3.1.9 Priority is being given to analysing the risk from FMD. The Risk Assessment consists of three modules that calculate:
3.1.10 This has been a major and complex study from which the Government is now receiving final results which are being peer reviewed with a view to publishing them later this Autumn. The process of collecting the data has filled many gaps in the Government’s knowledge of the risks involved and will be very valuable in informing decisions on further action required.
Organisational roles and responsibilities
3.1.13 The Government recognises there is a strong case for a single agency to oversee all aspects of the management of legal trade. But that is not an immediate proposition. In the immediate period, the Government will aim first to secure a step change in the coordination and delivery of local authority inspection of imported foodstuffs and products of animal origin at ports within one year. It will then look hard again at the case for bringing these functions from local authorities into a central agency, or delivering them from other routes.
Future action
3.1.14 In the light of the results of the Risk Assessment and the Cabinet Office study the Government’s intention is to develop a revised Action Plan on illegal imports by early in 2003 which will include:
The Government has allocated additional resources to develop these initiatives. However, it recognises that there is still much to be achieved.
3.2 National Surveillance
3.2.1 Both inquiries recognise the important role that surveillance plays in disease control and preparedness. The primary purpose of the Government carrying out veterinary surveillance is to meet its basic information needs in order to assess and manage risks effectively. That is to minimise as far as possible the probability of adverse effects on public health, trade in animals and animal products, and animal health and welfare. The availability of veterinary surveillance information is therefore an essential requirement in meeting the Government’s aim to protect the public’s interest in relation to health and ensure high standards of animal health and welfare.
Veterinary surveillance should:
The Review of Veterinary Surveillance carried out by MAFF in 19992000 (Meah and Lewis) identified the need for a clear published strategy for veterinary surveillance. Work is now well underway to develop a Government strategy for veterinary surveillance (although interrupted by the epidemics of Classical Swine Fever and FMD). Resources have been made available both for developing the Strategy and putting in place the systems needed to improve data collection and management. The strategy is being developed with stakeholders, and will be issued for consultation later in the year.
3.3 Movement rules
3.4 Identification and tracing
3.5 Biosecurity
4.1 Planned approach
4.1.1 The Government’s objective in tackling any fresh outbreaks of FMD will be to eradicate the disease as quickly as possible and to maintain the UK’s diseasefree status, as recommended by the inquiries. In doing so, the Government will seek to select a control strategy which:
4.2 Emergency response structures
The Preparedness Programme
National Disease Control Centre and local disease control centres based on existing animal health offices which will include teams to deal with finance, procurement and contracts and personnel as well as veterinary, technical and administrative staff engaged directly on disease control. Named and trained senior staff will head the offices and will be posted in as soon as a case is confirmed. The teams will have detailed guidance on their responsibilities and duties together with process maps and instructions to ensure that the offices run efficiently from the outset. Protocols for increasing numbers of staff by loans from other Departments are being developed. These arrangements strengthen those that existed at the beginning of the outbreak last year. In the longer term consideration will be given to more active engagement with all the emergency services in developing local centres.
Staffing
Management and direction
The Director of Operations will, where possible, devolve operational decisions to the RODs, with guidance provided on when they should implement central operational policy and where veterinary judgement may be used. This approach builds on lessons learned in 2001 when there was some confusion over lines of command, the complexity of the arrangements was seen to hinder effective communication and the responsibilities at different levels were not always clear. The following diagram sets out the management structure within Defra, indicating the separation of strategy and operations. It also includes a proposed Government FMD Coordination Committee. This will provide the forum for reviewing strategies in wider Government context and for dealing with operational issues that affect other departments. This builds on the role that the Cabinet Office Briefing Room (COBR) took during the last outbreak. These structures are included in the contingency plans and their effectiveness will be tested when the plans are used in exercises. The Emergency Preparedness Programme Board will be concerned to ensure that these structures are understood and can be effectively implemented.
SingleLine Command Structure for Control of FMD
Strategic Level (Gold)
Tactical Level (Silver)
Operational Level (Bronze)
4.2.12 Defra is advertising across Government departments to recruit senior key personnel who will, in a disease emergency, move to fill senior posts as Regional Operations Directors leading the operation in the field, freeing divisional veterinary staff to apply their professional skills and judgement, and ensuring good communication and engagement with local stakeholders. Other named administrative staff will support them, who will also be posted in as soon as the disease is confirmed. They will lead the whole team in the local disease control centre and report to HQ on that basis. They will be responsible for managing an efficient office to provide administrative support to the veterinary operation and, if appropriate, for liaison with the Armed Forces. To prepare for an outbreak they will be trained in emergency management and dealing with the media and will be involved in exercises on the contingency plans to ensure they are familiar with their area and office. Defra will charge them to arrive at their post within a day or so of confirmation of an outbreak and ensure that the field operation and supporting administrative teams run efficiently from the very beginning of an outbreak.
4.2.13 The Welsh Assembly Government’s interim contingency plan includes named individuals to populate operational structures in the event of any future crisis.
Engaging the Armed Forces
4.2.14 Defra will alert the Armed Forces immediately a case of FMD is confirmed so that they can offer advice and support to define their possible role. This will focus, in particular, on the rapid build up of logistical capability. One of the prime purposes of developing detailed contingency plans and the achievement of a state of emergency preparedness, which meets the objectives of the Programme Board, is to enable the operation to be immediately effective and so reduce the need for military involvement. Final decisions on the level and nature of the involvement of the Armed Forces would of course depend on other commitments at the time.
Additional staff
Organisation and systems
4.2.17 The experience gained last year by staff is being harnessed through workshops and through business process mapping to develop the most effective administrative systems for dealing with future outbreaks of disease. Increasingly these are IT based and provide the most efficient means of maintaining and developing systems that staff in offices across the country and in the field can use.
Scenario planning
Communications and media handling
CrossGovernment media handling
HQ ‘hub’
Regional communications “cells”
Wider regional communications
Speed of communications
Helplines
4.2.35 Defra has reviewed its helplines to identify how to make it easier for the public and customers to contact the appropriate part of the Department. Defra aims to consolidate the way these operate with a view to setting up a single access number. This contact centre would give callers information directly or transfer them to specialists. Defra will develop plans to provide contingency resources to rapidly expand capacity in the event of a crisis.
4.3 Disease control strategies
Decision tree
4.3.3 Defra officials have been working on a ‘decision tree’ for FMD control which will set out the criteria by which choices would be made between different strategies, depending on a range of factors. Decisions would be dependent on having relevant information available. Factors include the:
Routine (prophylactic) vaccination
Preemptive culling
4.4 Movement restrictions
4.4.1 Movement controls in the absence of disease were discussed in Section 3.3. On suspicion of disease, the Royal Society recommends that the Government should impose a local movement ban while samples are sent to an OIE reference laboratory for diagnosis. The EU requires that an approved national laboratory carries the diagnosis of FMD. In the case of the UK, this is the Institute for Animal Health at Pirbright, which is one of four OIE – approved laboratories and the Food and Agriculture Organisation World Reference Laboratory. The imposition of movement bans in an 8km radius around the suspect case is part of current practice and was applied promptly in February 2001. It has been successfully applied in four suspect cases since FMD was eradicated, all of which turned out negative, and is part of Defra’s Contingency Plan.
Public rights of way
4.5 Biosecurity during an outbreak
4.6 Disposal
Commercial incineration
Rendering
Licensed landfill
4.6.3 This has altered significantly from the hierarchy agreed in April 2001 with the Environment Agency and the Department of Health. The level and availability of disposal capacity using these routes will be a factor in considering the possible use of alternatives to wider culling strategies, for example emergency vaccination. The Government will not use mass pyres in the future but it cannot completely rule out the use of alternative disposal routes such as onfarm or mass burial if demand exceeds the capacity of the preferred options of incineration/rendering and licensed landfill. In planning disposal methods Defra will liaise with the local authorities to develop transport routes and disposal options that pose least risk to the local community and environment. One consequence of the new approach is that the mass burial sites acquired by the Government during the 2001 epidemic can now be disposed of, although the Government will continue to take responsibility for monitoring and managing the areas which hold carcasses.
Incineration
Rendering
4.6.7 Defra currently has a calloff agreement in place with a rendering plant to provide rendering capacity at 48 hours notice. Similar arrangements are in place in Scotland. These arrangements were not in place in 2001; instead Defra relied on the existing contracts held by the Rural Payments Agency. If demand exceeds this, it will bring further plants on stream. There are some 20 rendering plants in the UK but only 7 or 8 are likely to be suitable given their size or location. Defra would also seek to minimise the distances that carcasses were transported when bringing plants online. Defra has established a number of disease scenarios and using a range of modelling techniques it will develop a series of model outbreaks. It will then apply the disposal options to those models and identify key trigger points. This work will build on the experience of last year and the contracts the Rural Payments Agency already have in place with rendering operators.
4.6.8 Defra will work closely with the rendering industry to ensure that best use can be made of existing capacity.
Licensed landfill
4.6.9 Licensed landfill would be used if demand exceeds capacity at incineration and rendering plants. Defra is working to agree how licensed landfill capacity could be used, taking into account proximity to areas of the country with a high livestock density. Defra is leading discussions with representatives of the landfill industry to identify the most suitable sites.
Development of the future disposal hierarchy
4.6.10 The Government recognises that there are a number of factors that may impact on the disposal hierarchy in the future. These include the implementation of possible new environmental or waste management legislation and any changes to capacity and accessibility of all the disposal outlets. Defra will review the hierarchy regularly, in consultation with relevant stakeholders, to take account of these issues.
4.7 Welfare
4.8 Compensation
– for example, at the peak of their production cycle. The Government is keen to address these issues in both the short and the longer term.
Such a system would help speed up the slaughtering process and would ensure a greater degree of uniformity in animal valuation. Defra intends to consult on rationalised compensation proposals by the end of 2002. Compulsory standard valuations would facilitate estimates of the funds which would need to be raised from industry and would also sit well with standard levy rates. Rationalisation of compensation will require an overhaul of primary and secondary legislation. A complete rationalisation of compensation may not therefore be implemented before 2004.
4.8.7 The Lessons Learned Inquiry recommended that the joint Defra Industry Working Group for Animal Disease Insurance ensure that its scope and membership is set widely enough to address valuation and compensation issues highlighted by the 2001 outbreak. The Group has met three times to discuss both animal disease compensation and animal disease levy/insurance options, and Defra will advise it of the results of consultations described in this section.
RECOMMENDATION RESPONSE
LL R1 We recommend that the Government, led by Defra, should develop a national strategy for animal health and disease control positioned within the framework set out in the report of the Policy Commission on the Future of Farming and Food. This strategy should be developed in consultation and partnership with the farming industry and with representatives of the wider rural economy. The European Commission, the devolved administrations in Scotland and Wales, local authorities and other agencies of government should be involved In this process. (p12)
LL R2 We recommend that lessons learned be routinely reviewed in the light of changing circumstances. Policies, plans and preparations should be adapted accordingly. (p25)
LL R3 We recommend that there be a reappraisal of Local Veterinary Inspectors’ roles and conditions. (p28)
LL R4 We recommend that where regional boundaries of Government Offices do not match those of local authorities or other agencies of government, special provision should be made in contingency planning for management and communications during a crisis.
Accept. The Government is committed to preparing an Animal Health and Welfare Strategy, which has also been recommended by the Policy Commission and the Royal Society. These inquiries provide invaluable guidance on the areas on which the Strategy should concentrate. The Government will engage the widest possible interests in its preparation.
Accept. The Government recognises the need to review lessons, policies and plans in the light of changing circumstances. In terms of contingency plans for animal diseases, the Government agrees that plans will have to be kept under constant review. Similar steps are being taken by the Welsh Assembly Government.
Accept. Defra is undertaking a review of the current use of private veterinary surgeons, inviting comment from the main stakeholders. Defra is seeking in particular to improve the training of Local Veterinary Inspectors and their use in emergency situations.
Accept. The Government fully appreciates the efficiency gains from having common regional boundaries. Where this is not the position liaison with all operational agencies particularly across boundaries is emphasised as an important part of local contingency planning. In addition, the Civil Contingencies Secretariat provides the central focus for the crossdepartmental and crossagency coordination necessary for the UK to deal effectively with the domestic impact of disruptive challenges and crises. There are also plans to establish dedicated contingency planning teams in each Government Office region.
LL R5 We recommend that the Government build an up to date database of livestock, farming and marketing practices. This should include research to examine the evolution of regional livestock stocking densities and implications for disease risk control. (p30)
LL R6 We recommend that contingency plans set out procedures to be followed in the event that an emergency expands beyond worstcase expectations. (p36)
LL R7 We recommend that provision be made in contingency plans for rapid prioritisation of a Department’s work in the face of a crisis, and for speedy reassignment of resources. (p36)
Not accepted in this form. The Government recognises the importance of being well informed on farming practices and on the location and numbers of livestock. A major programme of work is in hand to improve livestock identification and tracing and this will, in due course, enable comprehensive databases on livestock holdings.
At the same time, Defra has an active programme of stakeholder engagement, designed to ensure that officials are uptodate with changes in practice, and have strong links with the industry.
In view of the rapid pace of change in farming practices, especially in the light of planned changes to the subsidy regimes, the Government does not believe it would be practicable or costeffective to develop a separate database of farming practices.
The Animal Health and Welfare Strategy will consider the links between animal health and animal husbandry.
Accept. Scenario planning is under way to provide the background for many aspects of disease control including vaccination and disposal. Defra is developing its arrangements through crossdepartmental exercises and work with the Civil Contingencies Secretariat to increase its staff resources. The Welsh Assembly Government is also involved in these exercises.
Accept. Proposals are currently being drawn up to ensure that Defra and other Departments, in response to an initiative from the Civil Contingencies Secretariat, can respond quickly in emergency situations, provide staff both within Defra and to other Government Departments and put in place arrangements for mobilising help from other Departments.
In Defra the Management Board will consider how work should be prioritised in the event of a crisis and how resources should be reassigned, taking into account the possible nature, location and duration of such an event.
LL R8 We recommend that Defra develop its human resources plans for use in emergency. In particular they should focus on how staff numbers and expertise can be rapidly increased at a time of crisis. This should be developed in England in consultation with the Cabinet Office, the regional Coordination unit and the network of Government Offices. Similar arrangements should be developed in Scotland and Wales. (p36)
LL R9 We recommend that accepted best practice in risk analysis be used by Defra and others in developing livestock health and disease control strategies. (p38)
Accept. The Cabinet Office is developing a protocol for managing the release by all Departments of staff for any Department dealing with a major incident or civil contingency. This is being developed as a Memorandum of Understanding.
The Civil Contingencies Secretariat will also develop managers with skills suitable for managing emergencies, drawn from across Whitehall, who will be able to provide support either for their own Department or for others.
These measures are designed to provide a flexible response to a range of possible challenges, rather than specifically an outbreak of animal disease. They will complement and support the contingency plans developed by each Department and Agency for those areas of public service for which they are responsible. The Regional Coordination Unit/Government Office network is fully involved in the development of these measures.
Defra is seeking to identify people within Government service who have the necessary skills and who would be willing to fill key posts in an animal disease emergency and those who would be available for wider administrative tasks. This will implement that part of the National Audit Office recommendation 3, which calls for contingency plans to include the deployment of staff.
Similarly, the Welsh Assembly Government is actively working on plans to release trained human resources for use in an emergency. This is covered in their Contingency Plan.
Accept. Defra is using formal risk assessment techniques on illegal imports and many aspects of work on Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies. The same approach is also being applied to animal movement controls. The Contingency Plan will also be based on risk analysis as recommended by the National Audit Office recommendation 1.
LL R10 We recommend that Government departments ensure that their own internal departmental arrangements properly resource contingency planning work. This should be monitored by the National Audit Office. (p39)
LL R11 We recommend that the Government publish a biennial report to the nation on the level of preparedness to tackle animal disease emergencies. The first report should be published in 2003 and include measures of achievement against goals. (p39)
LL R12 We recommend that the Government ensure that best practice from import regimes elsewhere be incorporated with domestic practices where appropriate. (p47)
LL R13 We recommend that the European Commission lead a targeted risk based approach designed to keep FMD out of EU Member States. The UK should work alongside other EU Member States to highlight areas of greater risk. (p47)
Accept. As a condition of the SR2002 settlement, Departments are required to agree with the Civil Contingencies Secretariat (CCS) their contribution to building the agreed capabilities, detailing what measures they propose to deliver, the timescale and the associated resources. Departments, the CCS and the Treasury will work together to ensure that these plans are in place. The CCS will consult the National Audit Office to consider their role in the monitoring process.
Accept in principle. Defra accepts the principle of giving a regular account of the level of preparedness to tackle animal disease emergencies, though the precise mechanism and ownership needs to be considered further. The views of stakeholders will be taken during the consultation on the Animal Health and Welfare Strategy.
Accept in principle. The Government agrees on the need to learn from others’ experience where applicable, but the results have to be applied to our own circumstances. Controls that work in relatively small international ports and airports with low throughput may not be practicable in Dover or Heathrow, where the majority of freight and passengers are travelling from within a free trade area.
Accept in principle. This is primarily a matter for the European Commission. The Government will be discussing with them the findings from the Lessons Learned Inquiry. We will also share with them the results of the ‘illegal imports’ Risk Assessment. The global situation with regard to the occurrence of FMD and other diseases, particularly with regard to its third country trading partners, is monitored closely by both the European Commission and the UK either through direct contacts with third countries, via the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) or through the FAO European Commission on FMD.
LL R14 We recommend that Defra be given responsibility for coordinating all the activities of Government to step up efforts to keep illegal meat imports out of the country. This should include better regulations and improved surveillance on illegal imports of meat and meat products. (p48)
LL R15 We recommend that the UK prohibition of swill feeding of catering waste containing meat products continue. The UK should continue to support a ban at EU level. (p49)
LL R16 We recommend that in all suspected cases of FMD, the response reflect the experience of the emergency services, where speed and urgency of action govern decisionmaking. (p61)
Further consideration. A considerable programme of action on illegal imports is already under way, with Defra in the lead. Following a Cabinet Office study, all activity against smuggling of meat, animal products, fish and plant matter will be brought together in HM Customs & Excise and backed by a new dedicated target in Customs for service delivery in this area. There will be substantially improved coordination between the main control agencies, and between these agencies and Customs, under the oversight of a new ministerial group. The Government will also seek a stepchange in the coordination and delivery of local authority inspection of imported foodstuffs and products of animal origin at ports within one year. Thereafter the Government will then look hard again at the case for bringing these functions from local authorities into a central agency, or delivering them from other routes.
Defra will reexamine the Action Plan later this year.
Accept. The Government fully supports the recommendation to continue the ban on swill feeding of catering waste containing meat products. The Government has also supported proposed EU legislation to introduce a Europe wide ban. Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 October 2002 laying down health rules concerning animal byproducts not intended for human consumption introduces a ban on swill feeding from 1 November 2002 for all Member States other than Germany and Austria, which have requested a transition period.
Accept. By publishing its disease control protocols and its contingency plans, the Government intends to make known in advance of an outbreak as many as possible of the key factors to be considered during the emergency. In addition, the experience of dealing with the FMD outbreak in 2001 and ongoing contingency planning with those involved in the emergency services will contribute to ensuring that contingency plans are developed which will form the basis for rapid and effective decision making.
LL R17 We recommend that the State Veterinary Service consider forming a national network of ‘flying squad’ teams capable of responding to an alert. The continuing occurrence of false alarms can then be used constructively to maintain readiness and to practise routines. (p61)
LL R18 We recommend that use be made of alternative sources of information and intelligence during crises. (p71)
LL R19 We recommend that Defra’s Geographical Information System and the Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS) be designed so that they can be used more effectively for disease control purposes. (p72)
Further consideration. Defra fully accepts the importance of ensuring that additional staff can be posted quickly to support work on a disease outbreak and is looking at ways of achieving this. Lessons will be learned from “false alarms” in developing the most effective system.
Key components of Disease Control Centres have already been identified including Regional Operations Directors, staff experienced in personnel, finance, contracts and procurements. The senior posts, to be held on a contingency basis, are now being advertised in all Government Departments.
Accept. The Government has reflected this recommendation in the FMD Contingency Plan. The Government fully appreciates the need to involve all stakeholders and will draw on a wide range of sources of information such as local authorities and other local organisations in developing intelligence during crises.
Accept in principle. There are a number of systems within Defra, each designed to deal with different aspects of business. Defra is currently developing a Geographical Information (GI) strategy which will cover the use of GI across core Defra, its agencies and selected NonDepartmental Public Bodies. The strategy will provide an overall corporate framework which business areas will use to determine how GI is used to support Defra objectives. This will ensure that GI data and application development activities that could have benefits to more than one business area are managed to deliver maximum benefits to Defra as a whole.
Data from the Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS) is used by the Rural Payments Agency (RPA) for Common Agricultural Policy subsidy payment and control purposes. In modernising its payment systems the RPA is developing a Rural Land Register (RLR) to support IACS in providing a key corporate data set.
This RLR component for IACS is due to be in place by 1 January 2004, but there is also the scope to extend the RLR to encompass all agricultural parcels not just those that are IACS
LL R20 We recommend that Defra lay out milestones for investment and achievement for improved management information systems. (p73)
LL R21 We recommend that data capture and management information systems be kept up to date and reflect the best practice.(p73)
registered. Detailed plans on what other data should be captured have still to be developed and there are a number of issues concerning the confidentiality of IACS information and its disclosure. The RPA is working with the State Veterinary Service (SVS) and the GI strategy project board to take these initiatives forward.
The SVS is also developing a new Disease Control System which will have integrated GI components and be designed to use the RLR together with other key corporate datasets in any future disease outbreak. The new system is expected to be in place by the end of 2004. In Wales, a Geographical Information System for all IACS land in Wales will be completed by March 2003.
Accept. Defra recognises that management information is an important part of both managing a disease outbreak and in providing Ministers and senior officials with the information to communicate effectively with both external and internal stakeholders and the general public. The State Veterinary Service project to develop a new Disease Control System is subject to the Office of Government Commerce’s Gateway Review process, which sets clear milestones for development and requires that a Business Case hurdle be cleared before progressing.
Accept. Defra accepts that it is crucial that its systems are capable of capturing and analysing a large volume of data without delay. A current review (by external consultants) of IT systems in use in the State Veterinary Service (SVS) has just been completed and its findings will be considered urgently to ensure that the SVS’s present and future systems not only reflect best practice but also support any necessary revisions to its business processes. The report of the Review Team suggests that its implementation will require that the SVS develop a service strategy to establish value added services to be provided to key customers, and that the IT systems should be developed around three core elements: a case management system, a farm diary and a data warehouse, with the latter supporting analysis of disease surveillance information to assist policy development. Early analysis suggests that implementation of the recommendations of the report would take 3 or 4 years to conclusion.
LL R22 We recommend that the contingency plans of Defra, the Scottish Executive and the National Assembly for Wales specify the measures needed during an epidemic to monitor progress and report to key stakeholders. (p73)
LL R23 We recommend that standard definitions of all important parameters of information be agreed in advance. (p73)
Accept. Work is underway in the State Veterinary Service to review and improve the information systems used to capture data during normal work which can then be effectively and rapidly applied during a disease outbreak. The ways in which progress in controlling an outbreak of disease will be monitored will be agreed and reported to key stakeholders at the beginning of the outbreak.
Accept. Work has started on agreeing standard definitions for the data fields to support veterinary surveillance in a database that will be used in “peace time” to monitor and measure the level and distribution of disease. The need for standard definitions to be agreed in advance will also be a key factor in Defra’s work to develop a new Disease Control System (see Lessons Learned recommendation 19 and Royal Society recommendation 6.1)
A key part of this is the data on the distribution of animals and a number of initiatives are under way to standardise definitions and rationalise current data sets in Defra. The Customer Registration Project (formerly the Single Business Identifier Project), will result in a single Defra wide agricultural business register integrated with a Geographic Information System (GIS) based Rural Land Register. The Rural Payments Agency and England Rural Development Plan Business Register will cover around 80% of Defra’s customers over the next two years and Defra wishes to extend the work to cover all farms and businesses that have dealings with the Department so that these customers can use a single identifier.
This project will provide a more defined relationship between agricultural businesses and their geographical locations, and be invaluable in any future outbreaks. There is also a major requirement for a single business register in several parts of Defra in support of rural economies. For example, the Livestock Identification and Tracing Programme will use this register to improve the collection and maintenance of data regarding farm animals for disease control and monitoring purposes. The Programme proposes to develop a single centralised system holding all livestock information and linked to a GIS. It will address any data inconsistency issues and achieve major improvements in efficiency.
LL R24 We recommend contingency plans at a regional level include mechanisms for making effective use of local voluntary resources. (p74)
LL R25 We recommend that dedicated control systems be ready for use in a sustained emergency, and regularly tested as part of the contingency planning process. (p74)
LL R26 We recommend that the processes for procuring and delivering the necessary goods and services from external sources during a crisis be reviewed. Systems should be tested to ensure they can cope with unexpected increased demands. (p74)
LL R27 We recommend that priority be given to recruiting accounting and procurement professionals to operate in emergency control centres during a crisis. (p74)
Accept. Local contingency plans will include the requirement to make the best use of offers of voluntary assistance taking into account any aspects of health and safety requirements which may apply.
Accept. Financial training and the availability of financial guidance, forms and advice online for staff in local offices are part of the planned approach to ensuring that financial control is managed efficiently from the very beginning of an outbreak. Electronic contract management will enhance visibility of the supply chain at the local, regional and national level. Trained personnel will be provided at each location to monitor and audit the commercial contracting. A full audit trail will be provided for activity for which payment by contractors is claimed. This will also implement the National Audit Office’s recommendation 8 that, in an emergency, key financial controls must remain in place to ensure that monies are properly accounted for, that the risk of fraud and abuse are minimised and that value for money is secured as well as there being a clear audit trail with sufficient supporting documentation at all key stages.
Accept. Advice and guidance on procurement procedures, processes and practices and the availability of standard forms and contracts online will contribute to ensuring that the best commercial contracting practice can be developed and implemented immediately. Work on developing easily accessible best practice for commercial contracting and contract management in an emergency is well advanced. This will implement that part of the National Audit Office recommendation 3 for contingency plans to include the emergency purchasing of supplies and services as well as their recommendation 7 for clear procedures to be established for the procurement of supplies or services that are needed at very short notice.
Accept. Links have been established with other Government Departments, Local/Unitary Authorities, professional services companies, and specialist agencies to supply procurement professionals; quantity surveyors, contract managers, and accounting staff in an emergency. There will be close cooperation and links with the Scottish Executive and the Welsh Assembly Government.
LL R29 We recommend that as part of the mechanisms to trigger the wider Government response, the military be consulted at the earliest appropriate opportunity to provide advice and consider the nature of possible support. (p82)
LL R30 We recommend that as part of its contingency planning, Defra, the Scottish Executive and the National Assembly for Wales, working with the Civil Contingencies Secretariat, examine the practicality of establishing a national volunteer reserve trained and informed to respond immediately to an outbreak of Infectious animal disease. (p82)
Accept. Defra has received comments from a number of fieldbased staff about slaughter instructions which will help it to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the current approach. Defra is currently reviewing the guidance on slaughter both for its own staff and for the slaughtermen they supervise.
Accept. The Contingency Plan requires that the Armed Forces will be alerted immediately a case of foot and mouth disease is confirmed. The main aim will be to ensure that the Armed Forces are fully informed and so are able to offer the most appropriate advice on their possible role.
Accept. The Cabinet Office is developing a protocol for managing the release by all Departments of staff for any Department dealing with a major incident or civil contingency. This is being developed as a Memorandum of Understanding.
The Civil Contingencies Secretariat will also develop managers with skills suitable for managing emergencies, drawn from across Whitehall, who will be able to provide support either for their own Department or for others.
These measures are designed to provide a flexible response to a range of possible challenges, rather than specifically an outbreak of animal disease. They will complement and support the contingency plans developed by each Department and Agency for those areas of public service for which they are responsible.
Defra is seeking to identify people within Government Service who have the necessary skills and who would be willing to fill key posts in an animal disease emergency and those who would be available for wider administrative tasks. This will implement that part of the National Audit Office recommendation 3, which calls for contingency plans to include the deployment of staff.
The Welsh Contingency Plan already identifies key individuals who would step into the breach in any future crisis.
LL R31 We recommend that the National Assembly for Wales and Defra develop a comprehensive agreement for coordinating the management of outbreaks of infectious animal disease in Wales. This should cover all aspects of a disease outbreak, delegating responsibility locally, where appropriate, and providing clear lines of communication and accountability. (p84)
LL R32 We recommend that, where the control of exotic animal diseases has wider economic or other implications, the Government ensure that those consequences for the country as a whole are fully considered. (p86)
LL R33 We recommend that contingency plans provide for early appointment of Regional Operations Directors or their equivalent to take on operational management of a crisis. There should be a cadre of senior managers not all of whom need to come from central government who can fulfil the role of the Regional Operations Director in an emergency and who should be trained in advance. (p87)
LL R34 We recommend that Defra’s Chief Scientist maintain a properly constituted standing committee ready to advise in an emergency on scientific aspects of disease control. The role of this group should include advising on horizon scanning and emerging risks. Particular attention should be given to the recommendations on the use of scientific advisory committees in the BSE inquiry report of 2000. (p91)
Accept. Defra and the Welsh Assembly Government will work to ensure effective communication and clear structures as part of their contingency plans. In so doing, regard will be had to the National Audit Office recommendation 2 for clear definitions of responsibility, reporting lines and accountability.
The Government is in discussion with the Welsh Assembly Government on the case for devolving further powers to it to deal with all future outbreaks of animal disease in Wales.
Accept. The creation of Defra means that the interests of all sectors of the rural community can be brought together and considered in a joinedup way by a single Department. The Contingency Plan and the disease control strategies within it will have regard to the economic, financial and environmental impact of different methods of disease control, as recommended by the National Audit Office in their recommendation 2.
Accept. The Contingency Plan provides for the appointment of Regional Operations Directors (RODs) from the first day on which disease is confirmed. These posts and posts as managers of the administrative teams in Disease Control Centres, to be held on a contingency basis, are now being advertised in all government departments. A team of individuals have been identified to serve as RODs in the event of an immediate emergency.
Those selected will be required to familiarise themselves with their region and to take part in training exercises.
Accept. The Government agrees with this and Ministers have confirmed their wish to set up a new Science Advisory Council (SAC), as an advisory NonDepartmental Public Body, to provide advice to Defra’s Chief Scientific Adviser on the scope, balance and direction of the Defra science spend. The SAC will be made up of senior and external scientists and, when it starts its work next year, it is expected to take a keen interest in the science programmes addressing livestock diseases.
LL R35 We recommend that, from day one of an outbreak, provision be made to keep a record of all decisions made and any action to be taken. (p93)
LL R36 We recommend that the State Veterinary Service be routinely equipped with the most uptodate diagnostic tools for use in clinical practice, to contribute to speed and certainty of action at critical times. (p95)
LL R37 We recommend that in order to build support steps always be taken to explain the rationale of policies on the ground, particularly where implementation is likely to be controversial. Wherever possible, local circumstances should be taken into account without undermining the overall strategy. (p98)
LL R38 We recommend that provision be made for the possible application of preemptive culling policies, if justified by wellinformed veterinary scientific advice, and judged to be appropriate to the circumstances. (p99)
LL R39 We recommend that a mechanism be put in place at the centre of government to assess potential domestic civil threats and emergencies and provide advice to the Prime Minister on when to trigger the wider response of Government. (p102)
Defra has a horizon scanning research programme and a number of individual research programmes look at risk and emerging threats. Defra believes that its new Science Advisory Council should keep risk issues under close review when advising the Defra Chief Scientific Adviser on research programmes. They will also be tasked with setting up rapid and robust arrangements for advice in emergency circumstances. An interim Group has been established to provide advice until the full SAC is in place.
Accept. Records of major decisions should be maintained and staff are aware of the importance of such action. This will be reemphasised in the Contingency Plan.
Accept. When validated diagnostic tests for field use become available Defra will ensure that the State Veterinary Service has access to them.
Accept. The Government has published a disease control (slaughter) protocol which indicates the circumstances in which particular policies would be applied and the reasons for them, so far as this is possible without knowing the precise circumstances of an individual outbreak. This is being discussed with stakeholders prior to its finalisation. The Government agrees that local circumstances must be taken into account, but believes that many aspects of policy have to be centrally defined, after the fullest possible consultation.
Accept. The Government welcomes endorsement of preemptive action as one option within a disease control strategy and believes that passage of the current Animal Health Bill would help to meet this recommendation.
Accept. A horizon scanning team has been established within the Civil Contingencies Secretariat to perform this function, closely linked to existing horizon scanning activity in Departments. The team has reported to No 10, Ministers and Departments through a senior level review committee since May 2002.
LL R40 We recommend that, in future, a representative of the wider rural economy be invited to participate in the Joint Coordination Centre. (p106)
LL R41 We recommend that the concept of a ‘senatorial group’ be developed to provide independent advice to the Prime Minister and Cabinet during national crises. (p107)
LL R42 We recommend that burning animals on mass pyres is not used again as a strategy for disposal. (p108)
LL R43 We recommend that training for those with responsibility for managing disease control include the relevant legal frameworks and the structure and responsibilities of local government. (p112)
Accept. Defra is consulting the Countryside Agency on contingency planning and in particular to identify an appropriate representative from the wider rural community who would be invited to have a role within a future National Disease Control Centre. Representatives of Government Departments with an interest and other partners, including, where appropriate, stakeholders, will also be invited to have a presence.
Accept in principle. The Government is considering possible methods of providing the Prime Minister and senior Ministers with support and strategic advice during crises. This would not replace the normal wellrehearsed crisis management machinery but would run alongside it, considering the strategy being followed and assisting in the elaboration of options for Ministers. It has yet to decide the best way of providing this support.
Accept in principle. The Contingency Plan makes it clear that the disposal hierarchy expected to be used in any future crisis is: incineration; rendering; and licensed landfill. The level and availability of disposal capacity using these routes will be a factor in considering the optimum disease control strategy.
Accept. The Government agrees that State Veterinary Service staff must have an understanding of the structure and responsibilities of local government, and Defra is expanding on this in its training programme. All veterinary and technical staff should have received training on the work of local government within 12 months of appointment. This training will involve presentations from
| local | government | staff | if | possible, | and | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| subsequent feedback. | |||||||
| Accept. | The | Environment | Agency, | the | |||
Department of Health and the Food Standards Agency all have a major role in disease control strategies and their involvement in developing plans on a wide variety of issues including vaccination, communication and ground water authorisations is imperative. In addition, the UK
LL R45 We recommend that local communities be consulted on mass disposal sites according to best practice guidelines, and that the question of compensation for communities accommodating emergency disposal sites be researched. We recognise that this is a complex legal area nationally and at EU level. (p114)
LL R46 We recommend that the Government consider the welfare implications of disease control policies, as part of contingency planning for FMD and other diseases, and seek to identify strategies that minimise the need for slaughter and disposal on welfare grounds. (p119)
LL R47 We recommend that the Government establish a consensus on vaccination options for disease control in advance of an outbreak. (p129)
LL R48 We recommend that the Government ensure the option of vaccination forms part of any future strategy for the control of FMD. (p129)
LL R49 We recommend that the State Veterinary Service maintain the capability to vaccinate in the event of a future epidemic, if the conditions are right. (p129)
Zoonoses Group (UKZG) and the Surveillance Group on Diseases and Infections of Animals bring together the Government agencies involved in disease control. The UKZG will provide the new Health Protection Agency, the centrepiece of the Chief Medical Officer’s infectious disease strategy, with advice and information on zoonoses.
Further consideration. Defra will review the way any future disposal activities are likely to impact on local communities in the development of its contingency planning and local contingency plans will be drawn up in consultation with local stakeholders and community interests. The Contingency Plan makes it clear that the disposal hierarchy expected to be used in any future crisis is: incineration; rendering; and licensed landfill. Under these circumstances the Government does not consider compensation would be payable.
Accept. The Government fully recognises that animal diseases, and the control measures which are adopted to tackle them, raise important animal welfare issues. It will not be possible to completely avoid collateral problems arising from, for example, movement freezes, and the Government agrees the need to plan against them so far as possible.
Accept. Defra will engage with stakeholders to try to establish as much common ground as possible prior to an outbreak on disease control strategies including vaccination.
Accept. The Government agrees that the option of emergency vaccination should now be considered as part of the control strategy from the start of any outbreak of FMD.
Accept. Defra is currently working to maintain and develop this vaccination capability.
LL R50 We recommend that government make explicit the extent to which the wider effects of disease control strategies have been identified, measured and taken into account in policy decisions. (p137)
LL R52 We recommend that costbenefit analyses on FMD control strategies should be updated and maintained. These should be undertaken at both the UK and EU level. (p139)
LL R53 We recommend that the government build into its contingency plans the capacity to scale up communications systems and resources rapidly at the onset of any future outbreak if animal disease
LL R54 We recommend that a governmentwide crisis communication strategy be developed by the Civil Contingencies Secretariat with specific plans being prepared at departmental level; for example by Defra and the devolved administrations in Scotland and Wales in the context of animal disease control. (p142)
Accept. The Government will ensure that the wider effects of disease control policies are included in the risk assessments and cost benefit analyses of those policies and are reflected in the strategy for dealing with outbreaks.
| Accept. | See Lessons Learned recommendation |
|---|---|
| 32. | |
| Accept. | The Government will undertake such |
an analysis for the UK and will discuss this and other aspects of the inquiry reports with the Commission, with a view to ensuring that their lessons are fully learned at EU level.
Accept. Defra has worked with the Government Information and Communications Service (GICS) to ensure that the Department is better equipped to scale up its specialist communications staff resources. Additionally Defra maintains a list of freelance contacts and is drawing up a list of non press office staff within the Department who have useful communications skills and could be called on in a crisis. It is confident that in any future crisis, numbers could be rapidly escalated. The GICS News Coordination Centre is now well established and has protocols on increasing staff. These improvements deliver the National Audit Office recommendation 6 for communications and information systems to be reviewed by Defra to ensure that they would be able to cope in an emergency. The response to Lessons Learned recommendation 54 describes the position for Government as a whole.
Accept. The Civil Contingencies Secretariat (CCS) is working with Departments in a number of specific areas to enhance media and public communications strategies using a wide range of communication techniques including the Internet and the full resources of the Government Network in the regions.
The CCS have tasked the Government News Network with developing networks of communication staff and emergency planners in a wide range of organisations throughout the country.
LL R55 We recommend that Defra develop its regional communication strategy and ensure that it has effective systems for disseminating clear and concise information quickly to all regional offices. This should be developed in the context of cross government crisis management planning, in consultation with the Regional Coordination Unit and Government Offices. (p143)
LL R56 We recommend that Defra resource its website to ensure that it is a state of the art operation. In any future outbreak, the website should be used extensively, and a central priority should be to ensure that it contains timely and up to date information at a national and local level. (p144)
By their very nature strategies being developed now have to be relatively generic, but once an issue is raised, developing a specific communication strategy for it becomes a priority. In particular, the work being developed by the London Resilience Forum on media communications strategies in a major crisis will be used as a model for further work.
Accept. The Government accepts that this is an area where significantly more work is required. Defra has (compared with MAFF or DETR) many more agencies and nondepartmental public bodies working at local level and a much wider rural proofing brief which requires a cross departmental communication of information. Defra has already enhanced its communications channels with regional operations, with greater coordination between the centre and Government Offices and Government News Network. Defra now has a dedicated team within its Press Office with sole responsibility for coordinating with Government News Network counterparts. A ‘hub and spoke’ system of information exchange with a central hub at HQ and communications “cells” in the regions is also planned.
Communications in Wales will be the responsibility of the Welsh Assembly Government and in the development of contingency plans, Defra and the Assembly will ensure consistency of approach.
Accept. Defra is reviewing its website under a wider communications strategy. The Department recognises the need for a resource which helps to transform the relationship and contact with customers and stakeholders and better integration between national and regional centres. An eCommunications Programme (eCP) is in place to provide improved communications between Defra and its stakeholders, customers and the public and to provide a strategic approach to ebusiness which will allow this improvement in communications to continue through the longer term. A “New Media” team has been set up to bring a more cohesive approach to Defra’s web presence. The aim is to increase electronic means of sharing more complete, accurate, and consistent information, with improved processes which are more effective and efficient.
LL R57 We recommend that Defra commission research into the effectiveness of its direct communications during the FMD outbreak of 2001 so that all the lessons may be learned, acted upon and the results published. (p144)
LL R58 We recommend that the State Veterinary Service revise all its disease control forms AE and information about exotic diseases in liaison with the Plain English Campaign.
LL R59 We recommend that communications strategies during a crisis take special account of the needs of the International media. (p147)
Defra is aware that many farmers do not have direct access to the internet, and therefore does not intend to focus exclusively on the internet as a means of communications. Other older technologies will remain essential for the foreseeable future. One possibility which will be explored, is whether in a crisis, we could put out essential information on a set of teletext pages to which many more farmers would have access.
The Welsh Assembly Government has created a new team to develop its website, drawing on experiences from last year’s crisis.
Accept. The Government agrees that finding out what people need to know is an essential part of the communications process. Defra undertook a research exercise in September 2001 asking farmers and the public what their main sources of information on FMD were, and seeking their views on what information they would want in the future. Further research was carried out in January 2002 into how Defra communicates with farmers more generally, what they want from Defra, and how Defra can meet that need. The results have been used in formulating the overall Communications Strategy, which will be published shortly.
Accept. These forms will be revised when the Foot and Mouth Order 1983 is consolidated and updated. The need for plain English will be taken fully into account. The State Veterinary service will, in addition, be reviewing its internal and external communications.
Accept. Defra is making efforts to keep its overseas Environment and Agriculture attaches better informed. In addition, Defra has discussed with the Foreign Press Association and the London correspondents section of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office ways to establish closer links with international media to improve responses to foreign media issues. London based correspondents for foreign media are included in circulation and contact lists and invited to take part in Defra lobby briefings.
LL R60 We recommend that farmers, vets and others involved in the livestock industry have access to training in biosecurity measures. Such training should form an integral part of courses at agricultural colleges. (p148)
LL R61 We recommend that the livestock industry and government jointly develop codes of practice on biosecurity. They should explore ways to communicate effectively with all practitioners and how incentives might be used to raise standards. (p150)
Accept in principle. Defra and the National Assembly for Wales Agriculture Department (NAWAD) have written to the agricultural colleges to draw their attention to recommendation 60 and 72 so they can reflect on the specific biosecurity needs in their syllabuses.
The Government will ensure that the need for biosecurity training is addressed in the programme which takes forward the commitment, announced on 26 March 2002, to review the effectiveness of training and education for farmers and other land managers. The review will include skills issues within a broader customerfocussed programme of work, looking at advice and information services as well as access to learning provision for land managers and other occupational groups in rural areas. (See also Lessons Learned recommendation 61)
For vets Defra is developing a biosecurity training module with the aim that:
Once the module is developed, it could be assessed for suitability and possible adaptation for Veterinary Colleges to use if they wished.
Accept. The Government issued a onepage summary code on biosecurity against FMD to all livestock farmers in August 2002 which had the endorsement of parties including livestock organisations.
Work on biosecurity codes relating to the possible incursion of exotic disease for farmers and others associated with the livestock industry need to be integrated into a wider framework of biosecurity measures, as the Government is keen to find new ways of improving biosecurity, and
LL R62 We recommend that the use of Restricted Infected Area (‘Blue Box’ biosecurity arrangements) procedures be built into contingency plans. (p160)
LL R63 We recommend that disease control policies be developed in consultation with those local authorities responsible for implementing them.(p153)
LL R64 We recommend that the UK urge the OIE to consider the implications, for the detection and control of FMD, of the removal of swine vesicular disease from the List A of Notifiable diseases. (p156)
LL R65 We recommend that the Pirbright Laboratory resources, and research programmes, be integrated into the national strategy for animal disease control, and budget provisions be made accordingly. (p159)
LL R66 The State Veterinary Service, together with the Pirbright Laboratory, should increase their horizon scanning and threat assessment capabilities for major infectious animal diseases. (p160)
will investigate alternative approaches which might be employed to raise awareness. This will include investigation of what incentives might be employed to raise standards.
In Wales, ministers have produced 10 biosecurity commandments which have been sent to all livestock farmers in Wales.
Accept. Provision for Restricted Infected Areas is in the Contingency Plan. The Government fully accepts the importance of rigorous enforcement of biosecurity controls from the earliest stages of an epidemic. However, the detailed application of Infected Area controls has to be reviewed in the light of resource and personnel constraints in all the public bodies involved.
This focus on biosecurity measures will ensure that any necessary action is taken under the National Audit Office recommendation 10.2 that research should be undertaken into the efficiency of biosecurity measures.
Accept. The Department strengthened its relations with the local authority community throughout FMD and its aftermath and this will be maintained. The status of local authorities as key partners in the animal health sphere will be reflected in closer consultation over policies.
Accept. Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD) in its clinical form is difficult to distinguish from FMD. Removal of SVD from the OIE List A would have national and international consequences for the control of these vesicular diseases.
Accept. The Government will consider how best to use the available facilities for surveillance and research into animal diseases in developing the Animal Health and Welfare Strategy and the Veterinary Surveillance Strategy. Clearly, any such strategic approach to laboratories will need to take due account of the facilities at Pirbright.
Accept. The Government will take this forward through its Veterinary Surveillance Strategy. This will address the enhancement and prioritisation of ‘horizon scanning’ for new or changing disease threats. This will include working in partnership with the relevant national Reference Laboratories which in the case of FMD, is the Pirbright Laboratory.
LL R67 We recommend that in developing the surveillance strategy, there be the widest possible involvement of those with a role to play in surveillance. (p160)
LL R68 We recommend that Defra and the Department for Education and Skills jointly explore with the veterinary professional bodies and higher education institutions the scope for increasing the capacity of undergraduate and postgraduate veterinary provision. Equivalent work should be done in Scotland and Wales. (p160)
LL R69 We recommend that Government develop opportunities for increased use of veterinary ‘paramedics’. (p160)
Accept. In his foreword to the report on veterinary surveillance by Meah & Lewis (2000) the Minister for Agriculture, the Rt. Hon Nick Brown MP, said that he wanted to see a realistic strategy for veterinary surveillance which meets the needs of Government, the general public, industry and health and veterinary professionals. He also emphasised that the strategy development process should be as open and inclusive as possible. During development of the Veterinary Surveillance Strategy, a wide range of stakeholders will be consulted, including those who have a role to play.
Further consideration. Discussions took place in 1999 between MAFF and the Department for Education and Skills on the number of veterinary surgeon graduates leaving UK veterinary schools. The numbers are continuing to increase and it is questionable whether there is a shortage of vets available for work in the UK. Defra is opening further discussions with DfES and other professional bodies and will explore veterinary training issues. The Government accepts that it is essential that vets are encouraged to join the State Veterinary Service (SVS) by providing a good career structure including a comprehensive Continual Professional Development framework of postgraduate and other training and development.
Defra is working with veterinary colleges to promote the work of the SVS and to increase a practitioner’s knowledge of state veterinary medicine. In particular it is setting up pilot programmes and training days. Defra is also liaising with the colleges as part of its review of the relationship between the SVS and private vets.
Accept. The Government accepts that it should look at ways of further developing opportunities for the increased use of veterinary paraprofessionals. Part of the Government’s Action Plan for farming made a commitment to review the scope for properly trained and regulated paraprofessionals to undertake certain activities that the Veterinary Surgeons’ Act currently restricts to vets.
LL R70 We recommend as many functions of the State Veterinary Service as possible be relocated from London, to regional centres, particularly to Scotland and Wales. (p161)
LL R71 We recommend that Government support a national action group charged with the responsibility of producing a plan to tackle the gaps in practitioners’ knowledge of preventing and managing infectious diseases of livestock. To be effective this will need a timetable, milestones for achievement and incentives. (p161)
LL R72 We recommend that colleges, universities and training organisations provide courses to equip those working in the food and livestock Industries, and those owning susceptible animals, with the skills and knowledge to enable them to recognise the signs of animal disease early and take appropriate action to prevent its spread. (p161)
LL R73 We recommend that Defra commission a handbook for farmers on identifying and responding to animal disease, drawing on the experience of 2001. (p162)
Defra has asked the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, for its views on the use of paraprofessionals.
Defra needs to assess both current and future needs and evaluate the role that paraprofessionals may be able to play within those needs before any conclusions can be reached.
Further consideration. Within England Defra recognises that there are difficulties in attracting staff to posts in the South East, particularly in the London headquarters. State Veterinary Service operational work has to be carried out locally and cannot be transferred to other parts of the country. However, a new approach of partnership working between policy teams and operational staff will increase the contribution of field based staff to policy formulation. This may help to alleviate some of the pressures in HQ. The links between the SVS and the Devolved Administrations in Scotland and Wales have also been strengthened.
Not accepted in this form. Defra will be involving stakeholders in the course of its consideration of the Animal Health and Welfare Strategy, which will need to address failure to prevent and manage diseases of farmed livestock. The recommendations of the Lessons Learned Inquiry will be borne in mind, but the Animal Health and Welfare Strategy will not necessarily recommend a national action group.
Accept in principle. See response to Lessons Learned recommendation 60.
Accept in principle. The Government will consider how to get the message across effectively to farmers on how to recognise and respond to the notifiable diseases in conjunction with the farming unions and other trade associations. This will include the use of the internet, elearning and pamphlets.
LL R74 We recommend that training for local Veterinary Inspectors in exotic diseases be intensified, and consolidated into ongoing training strategies. (p162)
LL R75 We recommend that farm assurance schemes take account of animal health and welfare, biosecurity, food safety and environmental issues. (p162)
LL R76 We recommend that the livestock industry work with Government to undertake a thorough review of the assurance and licensing options to identify those arrangements most likely to reward good practice and takeup of training, and how such a new system might be implemented. (p162)
LL R77 We recommend that the powers available in the Animal Health Act 1981 be reexamined, possibly in the context of a wider review of animal health legislation, to remove any ambiguity over the legal basis for future disease control strategies. (p163)
Further consideration. Defra, the Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department and National Assembly for Wales Agriculture Department have written to the main assurance schemes operating in Great Britain to draw their attention to recommendation 75, and to seek information on the animal health and biosecurity standards that apply in their schemes and what plans they have for reviewing these in the light of the recommendation. This information will be considered in the context of the development of the Animal Health and Welfare Strategy and the development of other policies.
Further consideration. The Government is keen to work with industry in this area. Like the Policy Commission on the Future of Food and Farming, which favours a Whole Farm approach to regulation rather than licensing, at this stage the Government does not think that there is a need to license livestock farmers. (See also Lessons Learned recommendation 75)
Accept. The Government does not consider the Animal Health Act powers to be “ambiguous”. But it agrees that they could be strengthened in relation to some aspects of disease control notably preemptive culling and powers of entry for emergency vaccination which the inquiries firmly endorse. The Government believes that the passage of the current Animal Health Bill will help meet part of the Inquiry recommendation. The Government will address the scope and nature of future legislation next year following publication of the Animal Health and Welfare Strategy. This is likely to involve rationalisation of existing regulation, covering such issues as encouraging better biosecurity, harmonising systems of compensation and risk sharing as between industry and taxpayer. This takes forward the National Audit Office recommendation 11 for the review of current animal health legislation to ensure that it meets current and likely requirements for dealing with an outbreak of FMD.
LL R78 We recommend that the Government retain the 20 day movement restrictions pending a detailed risk assessment and wide ranging costbenefit analysis. (p164)
LL R79 We recommend that Government develop a comprehensive livestock tracing system using electronic tags to cover cattle, sheep and pigs taking account of developments at EU level. The Government should seek to lead the debate in Europe on this issue. (p164)
LL R80 We recommend that the joint Defra Industry Working Group for Animal Disease Insurance ensure that its scope and membership is set widely enough to address valuation and compensation issues highlighted by the 2001 outbreak. Clear deadlines should be set for reporting progress. (p165)
Accept. The Government has commissioned comprehensive risk assessments and cost benefit analyses, as recommended by the inquiry reports, to inform decisions as to the controls to be applied to animal movements in the absence of an FMD outbreak.
Accept in principle. The Government agrees that the FMD crisis underlined the importance of having effective systems of livestock identification and tracing in place. Electronic identification of each animal together with electronic data transfer of the information captured on farm to a central database is likely to be the way ahead. However, technological advances are needed before industrywide implementation is possible. The views of the European Commission are also needed, as it is important that any new systems are developed on an EUwide harmonised basis to encourage international trade. An industry/Defra steering group has been set up together with the Livestock Identification and Tracing Programme to resolve implementation issues and to take the work forward. Meanwhile, interim measures are being put in place to improve tracing of sheep, pigs and goats, through licensing and recording of batch movements.
Accept. Defra accepts that these two topics are closely interrelated and thus the approach to new policy initiatives for both has been integrated.
The linkage between work on an animal disease levy/insurance scheme with an ongoing review of compensation arrangements is already well established. There is a clear need to rationalise the current fragmented approach to compensation for animal diseases as a whole, not only to simplify the mechanism, but also to speed up and introduce predictability in the process of valuation, in the event of disease outbreaks.
One of the options being considered, for an animal disease levy, would raise funds from industry, in advance, to cover about half of the anticipated costs of outbreaks of certain exotic diseases, including compensation. The cost of compensation will clearly influence estimates of the funds to be raised. In order to calculate levy rates in a way that ensures fairness and equity, it is necessary to have a clear policy on valuation and compensation.
LL R81 We recommend that Defra develop further its interim plan, published in March 2002, in full consultation with all interested parties. Its relevance should be maintained through agreed programmes of rehearsal, practice, review and reporting. This work should be given priority for funding. (p165)
Proposals for a fundamental overhaul of animal disease compensation arrangements and for an animal disease levy/insurance scheme are being developed simultaneously. Defra will consult widely before implementing any proposals. The results of these consultations will be reported to the joint Defra Industry Working Group on Animal Disease Insurance. The review of compensation payments is also recommended by the National Audit Office (their recommendation 9).
Accept. Progress has already been made on developing the FMD Contingency Plan which will be placed on the Defra website on the day this response is published.
The Plan now takes account of the inquiries’ recommendations and will be reviewed and updated with input from interested parties and following training exercises and testing. It will remain as a “living document” and be updated as necessary. Provision has been made in the 2002 Spending Review for contingency planning to be taken forward.
In so doing, regard will be had to the National Audit Office recommendation 2 for clear definitions of responsibility, reporting lines and accountability. In drawing up the Plan, Defra will, in line with National Audit Office recommendation 4, consult central and local government, farmers and other stakeholders. The process of regular testing and review of the Plan is also recommended by the NAO (their recommendation 5).
Similar steps are being taken by the Welsh Assembly Government.
Key Finding 1 The overall objective of policy must be to minimise the risk of a disease entering the country and, if it does enter, to ensure the outbreak is localised and does not develop into an epidemic. (vii)
Key Finding 2 The UK, and the EU, should seek to retain “disease free” status with respect to FMD and the other most serious infectious diseases. Under present circumstances, this status should be “diseasefree without (routine) vaccination”. But this proviso could change if, for example, the risk of an outbreak occurring increased sharply, better vaccines became available or the trading regulations associated with diseasefree status were further changed, so it must be kept under active review.
(vii)
Key Finding 3 Better contingency planning is vital. The Government must be empowered to act decisively during an outbreak. This requires prior debate about the control measures to be adopted. The Government’s Contingency Plans should therefore be brought before Parliament for debate and approval. The Plans should be subject to a practical rehearsal each year and should be formally reviewed triennially to ensure that they take account of: the latest information about the scale of international disease threat; changes in farming practice; scientific and technological developments; regulatory developments at national, EU and global level; and the country’s state of preparedness. (vii)
Accept. The Government’s Action Plan on imports is intended to address this issue and improved veterinary surveillance will also assist the early detection and eradication of outbreaks of disease. In addition, the Government intends to put in place proportionate controls over animal movements in “peacetime” and to encourage farmers to raise standards of biosecurity.
Accept. The Government agrees that the UK should aim to keep its diseasefree without routine vaccination trade status.
Accept in part. Detailed contingency planning for both the national and local response to an outbreak is now taking place. The plans will be “living” documents and will be kept up to date through regular rehearsals and reviews covering different scenarios and areas. They will be formally reviewed at least triennially.
The Government will provide the Contingency Plans to the Select Committee for Environment Food and Rural Affairs and will lay them before Parliament once further work and testing has taken place. The need for a debate in Parliament will be kept under review.
The Welsh Assembly Government are developing their own contingency plans.
Key Finding 4 As a result of globalisation, the risk of invasion by exotic (i.e. nonendemic) animal diseases has increased. It is essential that the UK, and the EU, strengthen their early warning systems and ensure that warnings are acted upon. This requires an EU risk and surveillance unit; better funding for the OIE reference laboratories to track disease spread and type the strains; heightened animal disease surveillance on farms; and greater interaction between farmers and veterinarians to improve the effectiveness of national surveillance. Import controls over meat products require tightening. (vii)
Accept in part. The global situation with regard to the occurrence of FMD and other diseases, particularly with regard to its third country trading partners, is monitored closely by both the EU Commission and the UK either through direct contacts with third countries, via the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) or through the Food and Agriculture Organisation EU Commission on FMD.
The Government accepts the need to support OIE reference laboratories but the mandate given to these laboratories reflects their international not national obligations. Furthermore, controls for exotic diseases are harmonised across the Community and specifically require that Member States designate and support national reference laboratories. The Government accepts the need to support national reference laboratories so they can fully meet all their obligations, including where this is necessary, their OIE reference laboratory functions.
The Government agrees on the need to review its surveillance activities and is doing so through its development of a national Veterinary Surveillance Strategy that will encompass farmers, vets and all those involved in this area. To date five strategic goals have been identified. The first of these is to strengthen collaborations between the providers, users and beneficiaries of veterinary surveillance. The importance of the interaction between farmers and vets has been recognised and a pilot study is planned to identify the best use of practising veterinary surgeons in surveillance activities. The training of Local Veterinary Inspectors, and their potential contribution to surveillance is also under review. Good progress is being made on a considerable programme of action on illegal imports.
Key Finding 5 Routine vaccination against some of the OIE List A diseases is possible. While there are no overwhelming scientific or economic reasons against this approach being adopted we believe that, at present, the considerable technical problems and the trade implications argue against changing the current arrangements. Nevertheless it is clear that the longterm solution is to develop a vaccine against FMD (and other diseases such as classical swine fever) that confers lifelong sterile immunity against all strains of the virus. An international research effort is required to develop such a vaccine. (vii)
Key Finding 6 The precautionary principle should be adopted more widely to ensure that any disease outbreak cannot develop into an epidemic. One of the most effective ways of achieving this is to minimise animal movements at all times. The Government should consider a system whereby early warning infection triggers significantly enhanced precautionary measures. (vii)
Key Finding 7 Rapid culling of infected premises and known dangerous contacts, combined with movement control and rapid diagnosis, will remain essential to controlling FMD and most other highly infectious diseases. In many cases this will not be sufficient guarantee that the outbreak does not develop into an epidemic. Given recent advances in vaccine science and improved trading regulations, emergency vaccination should now be considered as part of the control strategy from the start of any outbreak of FMD. By this we mean vaccinationtolive, under which meat and meat products from animals vaccinated and subsequently found to be uninfected may enter the normal human food chain. The Government should prepare the regulatory framework and practical arrangements (e.g. validation of tests, and the supply of vaccines) that would allow this. There must at the outset be an exit strategy agreed among the main stakeholders to allow the country to return to the preferred “diseasefree without vaccination” status. (viii)
Accept in principle. The Government agrees that an improved vaccine that would permit routine and global vaccination of livestock against all strains of FMD is a desirable longterm goal. This is an issue of international rather than national scope and would be most effectively led by an international organisation such as the Food and Agriculture Organisation or possibly as an EU initiative. This issue will be raised in discussions on future research with our EU partners.
Accept. Proportionate controls over animal movements will apply in the absence of an outbreak and once a case is confirmed the Contingency Plan allows for a national movement ban to be imposed while the extent of the outbreak is ascertained. Restricted Infected Area Controls would be imposed around the Infected Premises.
Accept. Emergency vaccination should now be considered as part of the control strategy from the start of any outbreak of FMD where measures additional to culling of infected animals and dangerous contacts are needed. The Government also agrees that where emergency vaccination is used this should be to live wherever possible, and is committed to tackling the issues identified by the Royal Society which need to be resolved to make this a fully viable disease control strategy.
Key Finding 8 The first suspected case in an outbreak must be diagnosed in an approved OIE reference laboratory. Thereafter, modern diagnostic methods – including penside tests – need to be developed that can shift the burden of diagnosis to veterinarians on the farm. Rapid diagnosis, particularly before clinical signs appear, would limit the size of any epidemic and improve strategic deployment of resources. Such diagnostic methods must be linked by modern telecommunications to central headquarters. (viii)
Accept in part. Directive 85/511/EEC as amended requires that the first suspected case of FMD is diagnosed in an approved national laboratory. In the case of the UK, this is the Institute for Animal Health at Pirbright, which is also an OIEapproved laboratory and the Food and Agriculture Organisation world reference laboratory. Thereafter the confirmation of further cases is based on a combination of clinical findings and any known epidemiological link to other infected premises. Defra would not normally confirm disease on clinical grounds in a farm that is in a “clean county” and where there is no link to another infected premises. In such cases Defra would value and slaughter the “clinical cases” and submit samples to the laboratory before confirming disease if the samples are positive.
Hence the burden of diagnosis has always been, and should remain, predominantly with the field vet. It is agreed however that anything that speeds up the ability to obtain results of tests rapidly in cases of equivocal or nonapparent clinical signs is a substantial asset. The development and use of pen side tests would help providing that they are sensitive, specific and robust and able to detect the disease at all stages, dependable in the local environment and situation, and not require valuable resource to continually monitor the suspect animals. It would not remove the need for adequate biosecurity or restrictions, or sound clinical judgement on site. The government agrees that the notification of such results to the central headquarters must use the latest technology and this will be examined.
Key Finding 9 There is considerable benefit to be gained from understanding the quantitative aspects of infectious disease dynamics. Quantitative modelling is one of the essential tools both for developing strategies in preparation for an outbreak and for predicting and evaluating the effectiveness of control policies during an outbreak. A prerequisite is a central database incorporating improved data on farms, the location of animals, animal movements, and the characteristics of the diseases, together with arrangements to input disease control data in a timely and assured way during an outbreak. More work is required to refine the existing models and to strengthen their capacity to inform policy, which in turn requires full access by researchers to this database and to the data on previous outbreaks. (viii)
Key Finding 10 A national strategy for animal disease research should be developed. The overall costs of animal diseases to the UK over the last fifteen years may well have exceeded £15 billion: research is the only rational means available of improving animal health and diminishing disease. The strategy should be delivered through a “virtual national centre for animal disease research and surveillance” involving the Institute for Animal Health, the Veterinary Laboratories Agency and research groups in universities. It should also involve private research institutes and publicly funded animal disease research being undertaken in Northern Ireland and Scotland. (viii)
Accept. Modelling was used to good effect during the 2001 epidemic and has a vital role in the development of disease control strategy and during epidemics. On 23rd May 2002 Defra held a workshop with leading modellers and is actively considering future needs. (See Royal Society recommendations 3.2 and 6.1 for more detail).
Accept in part. The Government agrees that coordination of research could be strengthened further and is committed to preparing a national Animal Health and Welfare Strategy. During this process Defra will engage with the widest possible interests in its preparation including research institutes, agencies, academics, public and private funders and industry. A significant outcome will be the identification of research requirements for both surveillance and animal disease. Equally research findings will feed back into the Strategy.
An important element of the new Animal Health and Welfare Strategy is the development of a strategy for enhancing veterinary surveillance in the UK. One of the strategic goals so far identified in an early draft of the strategy is the development of a transparent and open process for prioritising surveillance activities. A key component of this is the collation of information relating to diseases or conditions for which surveillance is to be maintained into “profiles”. Relevant information includes epidemiological information about the disease and the availability of suitable diagnostic tests. Collation of such information will facilitate the identification of important gaps in knowledge, and enable the research work needed to fill these gaps to be identified and prioritised. See reference to Royal Society recommendations 10.1, 10.2 and 10.3.
RS R1.1 The UK Government should bring before Parliament for debate a framework for the Contingency Plans covering the principles involved in handling outbreaks of infectious exotic diseases and the resources required for their implementation. (p1)
RS R1.2 The Prime Minister should establish a formal procedure to review at threeyearly intervals:
RS R1.3 The UK should continue to strive for “diseasefree” status against highly infectious diseases such as those listed in the OIE’s List A. (p5)
RS R1.4 Providing the level of international threat does not increase; there are improved import controls; and there is a demonstrable improvement in the arrangements for handling disease outbreaks, the UK should not adopt a policy of routine vaccination, and should retain the internationally recognised status of “diseasefree without vaccination”. (p6)
RS R3.1 Defra should undertake a systematic analysis of the information available on the relative threats to the UK from the range of diseases covered here (and other significant diseases such as TSEs and TB), taking account of the impact of globalisation and climate change, in order to set priorities for the national strategy for animal disease and surveillance. (p35)
Accept in part. The Government will provide the Contingency Plans to the Select Committee for Environment Food & Rural Affairs and will lay them before Parliament once further work and testing has taken place. The need for a debate in Parliament will be kept under review.
Accept in principle. The Government accepts the need for a regular review of the threat and the response capability and (as the Lessons Learned report has proposed) a regular public report. Precise mechanism and ownership need to be considered further. The views of stakeholders will be taken during consultation on the Animal Health and Welfare Strategy.
Accept. The Government welcomes this recommendation. The Royal Society report demonstrates why diseasefree status is important to the country.
Accept. The Government recognises the strength of the Royal Society’s caveats on improved import controls and handling of disease outbreaks.
Accept. Defra proposes that the Veterinary Surveillance Strategy should include the development of a transparent and open prioritisation system which will use information collected about the major diseases or conditions, including other factors which might affect the level of endemic disease or the likelihood of an exotic disease incursion. The Strategy will also consider what surveillance is necessary for factors which may change the risk of a disease occurring, such as changes in vector distribution, is necessary.
RS R3.2 Defra should undertake a comprehensive review of the available information on FMD and develop a consistent and coherent database of the basic information that would be required during an outbreak. (p35)
RS R3.3 Defra should carry out urgent research into local transmission of FMD that will improve biosecurity in the field. (p35)
Accept. Defra accepts the need to ensure information is available. Work continues on collecting and reviewing information on FMD from this outbreak and others around the world. (see Royal Society recommendation 6.1 for more detail)
Work is also underway within Defra and the Welsh Assembly Government to develop a comprehensive family of associated databases which will link businesses to both land and animals. Disease control systems will draw from this core data.
Accept. Local transmission of FMD virus during the 2001 UK outbreak was pronounced and the probable cause of the introduction of virus to 78% of premises that became infected.
Extensive epidemiological data was collected in all areas and is suitable for further study into the mechanisms of disease transfer. This data already establishes that good biosecurity was of critical importance.
It is well recognised that the enhanced biosecurity adopted in the Blue Boxes (Restricted Infected Areas) reduced the local spread of infection in those areas.
There are currently studies underway concerning the methods of local spread, the susceptible stock involved, and the particular risk factors associated with dairy herds.
RS R5.1 Defra should propose an EUwide risk assessment unit and centralised database on surveillance and disease data, and a review of the bodies that provide early warning of animal disease threats. (p54)
RS R5.2 Defra should promote the speedy implementation of the Action Plan on illegal importing and of a much more coordinated approach at all levels by all bodies concerned with import control. (p54)
Accept in principle. Defra is working closely with the European Commission to support initiatives to protect against further incursions of disease, such as the revised FMD Directive and new rules to control personal imports. Defra is committed to sharing with the Commission the outcome of the current Risk Assessment on the introduction of FMD in imports. The possibility of a central EU risk assessment unit should be considered in the light of our experience.
In the UK Defra is developing an Information Management System to receive information reported to Defra on new disease outbreaks in livestock and poultry from around the world. It is being actively used to log documents, track diseases and proactively distribute information within Defra. It is linked to a Geographical Information System which provides mapping outputs used to inform risk assessments. In the future this capability will be extended to provide electronic, interactive maps for the whole of Defra.
Accept. A considerable programme of action on imports is already underway, with Defra in the lead. Following a Cabinet Office study, all activity against smuggling of meat, animal products, fish and plant matter will be brought together in HM Customs & Excise and backed by a new dedicated target in Customs for service delivery in this area. There will be substantially improved coordination between the main control agencies, and between these agencies and Customs, under the oversight of a new ministerial group. The Government will also seek a stepchange in the coordination and delivery of local authority inspection of imported foodstuffs and products of animal origin at ports within one year. Thereafter the Government will then look hard again at the case for bringing these functions from local authorities into a central agency, or delivering them from other routes.
Defra will reexamine the Action Plan later this year.
RS R5.3 Defra should investigate all the issues connected with reducing animal movements and come forward with practicable solutions that strike the right balance between the legitimate interests of livestock owners, market systems and longterm disease control. (p54)
RS R5.4 Defra should ensure that all keepers of livestock (including that not kept for food production) are properly registered and submit to Defra each year the name of their nominated private veterinary surgeon and a health plan approved by the same veterinary surgeon. (P54)
RS R5.5 Defra should establish an Applied Research Unit on Livestock Management Practices that will undertake or commission research leading to
Accept. The Government has commissioned comprehensive risk assessments and cost benefit analyses, as recommended by the inquiry reports, to inform decisions as to the controls to be applied to animal movements in the absence of an outbreak.
Further consideration. The benefits of this proposal from the point of view of animal health and welfare will need to be weighed against the costs of the additional regulation. Defra will need to find the right way of ensuring that all those involved with livestock have a responsible approach to their care, have an understanding of the serious diseases to look out for, and make sensible use of professional veterinary services. A whole farm approach encouraging farmers to plan good animal health practice into their every day husbandry activities will help to achieve this.
Accept in principle. The Government recognises that more needs to be done to secure the health of UK livestock and actions are in hand. Resources are already in place to diagnose and respond to exotic microbial infections, such as FMD and rabies, and further research is supported at the Institute for Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratory Agency to improve diagnosis and prophylaxis. Defra uses the advice from this research base when designing effective biosecurity measures.
Defra’s Livestock Science Unit and the Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department support research into livestock management practices that will improve the ability of animals to resist infectious disease challenge. Current research programmes valued at over £10.5 million are pursuing these objectives. Defra plans to have recommendations for improved management practice from 2005.
Implementation of effective livestock management practice to reduce disease transmission will require the involvement and support of the UK livestock industry. A consultation is underway to seek stakeholder views on the establishment of a new research Priorities Board, recommended by the Policy
RS R6.1 Defra should establish a review to determine the data required for informing policy both before and during epidemics of infectious diseases. This review should involve all those likely to be involved in disease control, including modelling teams, and cover:
Commission on the Future of Farming and Food. A Priorities Board would provide a forum for stakeholders across the livestock industry to consider options for improving management practice to reduce disease transmission. Defra will study the inquiry recommendations in detail to assess whether a more formal structure is required to progress research in this area.
Accept. Early on in his work Sir Brian Follett indicated to the Chief Veterinary Officer that a meeting of all those involved in modelling and disease control should be established. Defra held a meeting on 23rd May 2002 with such a group and discussed what information should be collected and what models were needed. The meeting report has been published on the Defra website: http://www.defra.gov.uk/research/ Publications/default.htm. Defra is actively considering future needs.
The State Veterinary Service (SVS) is currently developing disease control systems to aid the management of both endemic diseases and outbreaks of exotic diseases. The scoping studies for these systems will address such issues by analysing the business and information requirements of such systems. Pilot studies and field trials to investigate the feasibility of providing SVS field staff with mobile IT facilities such as laptops and personal digital assistants to enhance the efficiency, quality and effectiveness of their day to day work and realtime data collection are also occurring.
In addition, Defra is currently developing a veterinary surveillance system which will bring together background information on livestock populations and their locations, overlaid with numerator data about incidents of diseases, infections, intoxications etc. The database will also include data and parameters taken from peer reviewed disease profiles. Analysis of this will provide a means of monitoring the effectiveness of existing control or preventative measures and can be invaluable in deciding the feasibility of attempting an eradication programme. Equally, surveillance of certain parameters can give an indirect means of monitoring significant issues that change the risk or likelihood of disease occurrence and will help to target surveillance at particular times or places.
RS R6.2 Defra should commission research to improve the methodology used to identify dangerous contacts. (p72)
RS R6.3 Defra should undertake a major research programme into the potential of mathematical modelling for understanding the quantitative aspects of animal disease. Mathematical models can be used both in preparing for outbreaks (including evaluating alternative strategies) and during the course of controlling an epidemic. (p72)
RS R6.4 Defra should ensure that the data from the 2001 epidemic are checked and then made widely available, while ensuring that any data protection issues are resolved. (p72)
RS R7.1 Defra should consult with other member states to ensure that the OIE is appropriately constituted to validate new diagnostic techniques and reagents as rapidly as possible; and that OIE reference laboratories are supported politically and financially so they can better undertake their national and international obligations, including the development of diagnostic tests. (p84)
The development of this system is occurring in collaboration with surveillance stakeholders and a programme of stakeholder workshops was held in October 2002.
Further consideration. Defra will study the Royal Society’s recommendations in detail to assess, as part of its research strategy and the Animal Health and Welfare Strategy, what research work is required to address this recommendation.
Further consideration. Early on in his work Sir Brian Follett indicated to the Chief Veterinary Officer that a meeting of all those involved in modelling and disease control should be established. See Royal Society recommendation
6.1. A range of models was identified. Defra will use the information that came from this meeting and study the Royal Society recommendations in detail to assess what research work is required to address them.
Accept. Data from the 2001 epidemic is being cleansed; Defra envisages alerting the scientific community to the data that is available, and inviting concept notes. Data protection is an issue, but should be manageable.
Accept. The Office International des Epizooties (OIE), through its Standards Commission, sets down standards for tests used to underpin international trade and control disease. As such it already has a mechanism for evaluating diagnostic tests and reagents. New standards are ratified annually at the OIE General Session by all OIE member states. As OIE members, all EU Member States contribute to discussions on OIE standards and guidelines and the UK will consult with its EU partners about the validation process.
OIE laboratories have international not national obligations. It is a requirement of EU law that FMD diagnosis takes place in a designated national reference laboratory. The Institute for Animal Health at Pirbright is the national reference laboratory for FMD and is also one of 4 OIE reference laboratories for FMD as well as the Food and Agriculture Organisation World Reference Laboratory. The Government accepts the need to support national reference laboratories so they can fully meet all their obligations including, where this is necessary, their OIE reference laboratory function.
RS R7.2 Defra should ensure that sufficiently specific and sensitive penside antigen detection ELISAs are developed for FMD and other major diseases, are validated as quickly as possible, and are available on a large scale for use in the field, and that a similar ELISA is developed especially for detecting antibodies in sheep. (p84)
RS R7.3 Defra should explore the potential for portable RTPCR machines for use in the field or at regional laboratories. (p84)
| RS | R7.4 | Defra | should | develop | advanced | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| telecommunications | between | the | field | and | ||||
| central control. (p84) | ||||||||
RS R7.5 Defra should consider the benefits of bringing responsibility for all list A diseases under a single organisation. (p84)
RS R8.1 The Government should take the lead in developing an international research programme aimed at an improved vaccine that would permit routine and global vaccination of livestock against FMD and other List A diseases. (p105)
Accept in principle. As far as Defra is aware there is no validated field FMD penside test currently available. A penside test that was under development was not widely used during the 2001 UK outbreak. It is hoped that with further research a dependable FMD test of this type will become attainable.
Defra is currently considering funding proposals for research into the application of newer technologies for the diagnosis of FMD and other vesicular diseases. This would include both ELISA and RTPCR machine based tests. The former is expected to take at least a year before the fieldtesting can start. The requirement is to develop ELISA tests that are effective for disease detection in all susceptible species, and not just in sheep.
Accept in principle. See Royal Society recommendation 7.2
Accept. Developments in communications technology will have a continuing impact on ease of communications and the capture and flow of information. During 2002 the State Veterinary Service has carried out a mobile working pilot. This has involved providing laptops, printers, mobile phones, personal digital assistants and in a few cases, digital cameras to veterinary and technical staff in three Animal Health Divisional Offices.
Further consideration. The practicality of responding to this recommendation will depend on the outcome of the response to recommendations 10.2 and 10.3.
Accept in principle. The Government agrees that an improved vaccine that would permit routine and global vaccination of livestock against all strains of FMD is a desirable longterm goal. This is an issue of international rather than national scope and would be most effectively led by an international organisation such as the Food and Agriculture Organisation or possibly as an EU initiative. This issue will be raised in discussions on future research with our EU partners.
RS R8.2 Emergency vaccination should be seen as a major tool of first resort, along with culling of infected premises and known dangerous contacts, for controlling FMD outbreaks. This policy should be vaccinatetolive, which necessitates acceptance that meat and meat products from vaccinated animals enter the food chain normally. (p105)
RS R8.3 In determining the arrangements for deploying emergency vaccination, Defra should:
RS R8.4 Defra should explore with the EU and OIE what improvements to vaccines and surveillance tests are required to allow disease free status to be based entirely on surveillance results without the requirement for a minimum waiting period. (p105)
Accept. The Government is committed to tackling these issues, in consultation with all interested parties, so that it is in a position to trigger an emergency vaccination campaign should the need arise.
Not accepted. Given the UK’s interests as an importing country as well as an exporting country the Government believes that there is a need for a minimum waiting period to ensure FMD virus has been eradicated before a country’s “FMD free without vaccination” status is restored and trade can be resumed on that basis. The Government therefore does not agree that a minimum waiting period following an outbreak should be entirely abolished.
RS R9.1 The main objective in dealing with an outbreak must be to ensure that it does not develop into an epidemic. This requires the following basic measures:
i. on suspicion of an outbreak, immediate imposition of strict local movement restrictions and biosecurity measures including culling the animal with clinical signs;
ii. on confirmation by an OIE Reference laboratory of an outbreak:
RS R9.2 As a matter of urgency, Defra should draw up arrangements for a process for the prior registration for vaccination of zoos and rare breed collections. (p125)
RS R9.3 Defra should review its arrangements for other diseases, and in particular the developments required to enable emergency vaccination. (p125)
Accept. The Government has reflected these recommendations in the FMD Contingency Plan. Emergency vaccination should now be considered as part of the control strategy from the start of any outbreak of FMD. Other options, such as additional culling, may be needed depending on the circumstances. Operational plans to vaccinate are being reviewed and developed and a range of scenarios will be used to inform this planning process.
The Government’s acceptance, in its FMD Contingency Plan and its response to the inquiries, of the recommendation by the Royal Society in favour of an immediate total countrywide ban on animal movements has made the National Audit Office recommendation 10.1 for further research into the imposition of such a ban nugatory. In terms of restrictions on animal movements at other times, both inquiries have made recommendations for a fully considered approach to animal movements. (See Lessons Learned recommendation 61 and Royal Society recommendation 5.3).
Accept. The Government will discuss implementation of this recommendation with interested parties. The groups of animals will need to be clearly defined in advance. It will also seek EU and international agreement to ensure that this approach would not affect a country’s FMD status or the ability to move zoo animals across borders.
Accept. Defra is developing a modular disease contingency plan which will include modules relating to emergency vaccination procedures and the control of a range of exotic diseases.
RS R9.4 The detailed strategies for controlling outbreaks of livestock diseases should be included in the published contingency plan, which should consist of an umbrella plan for matters that are common to all diseases, with specific modules for each disease. These plans should be rehearsed in an annual “fire drill” that must be realistic and involve Defra and all other relevant bodies including MoD. (p125)
RS R10.1 The Government should undertake a thorough overhaul of research into animal disease, and in particular develop a national strategy for research in animal disease and surveillance. (p136)
Accept. Work is in hand on a modular approach in the contingency plans, with core modules for structural and operational matters and specific modules for different diseases. Operational exercises both nationally and locally are planned, involving the parties that would be involved in an outbreak.
Accept in principle. Coordination already exists between research funders for animal health. Defra, BBSRC and Devolved Administrations, as well as private funders, attend each other’s reviews of research and develop their research strategies in full knowledge of each other’s requirements and current research.
Coordination is strongest in the area of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies research where coordination with other funders’ programmes is achieved through two committees who also arrange workshops so that the funding organisations can monitor the progress of the research and discuss the implications of emerging results. Regular reviews of this kind allow new areas of work and gaps in the programme to be identified.
The Government agrees that coordination of research could be strengthened further and is committed to preparing a national Animal Health and Welfare Strategy. During this process Defra will engage with the widest possible interests in its preparation including research institutes, agencies, academics, public and private funders and industry. A significant outcome will be the identification of research requirements for both surveillance and animal disease. Equally research findings will feed back into the Strategy.
An important element of the new Animal Health and Welfare Strategy is the development of a strategy for enhancing veterinary surveillance in the United Kingdom. One of the strategic goals so far identified in an early draft of the strategy is the development of a transparent and open process for prioritising surveillance activities. A key component of this is the
RS R10.2 The Government should draw together the current research funding in infectious diseases of animals (both endemic and exotic) within England into a single joint arrangement, the funds being made available to implement the National Strategy; (p136)
RS R10.3 The Government should create a virtual National Centre for Animal Disease Research and Surveillance, the Board of which would be responsible for delivering the National Strategy; (p136)
collation of information relating to diseases or conditions for which surveillance is to be maintained into “profiles”. Relevant information includes epidemiological information about the disease and the availability of suitable diagnostic tests. Collation of such information will facilitate the identification of important gaps in our knowledge, and enable the research work needed to fill these gaps to be identified and prioritised.
This recommendation will provide the focus for taking forward the National Audit Office recommendation 10 for research to be undertaken into the effectiveness and efficiency of measures taken to eradicate FMD and their appropriateness to local circumstances.
Further consideration. Defra accepts the need to strengthen coordination and delivery of the research strategy. An Interdepartmental group has met and criteria against which suitable models (both physical and virtual) can be judged and various models have been discussed. These include: similar models to that used for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies research; a single Government organisation managing all funds for animal disease (for instance either the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council or Defra); or an independent organisation allocated all Government funds and responsible for delivering research requirements. The Government sees value in a model that accesses independent advice and can take a strategic view across this research area. Animal disease research requires expensive facilities and availability of these facilities and expertise should match UK research requirements.
Discussions on the most suitable model are continuing between the funding bodies. This work will be pursued in parallel to the Animal Health and Welfare Strategy and it is planned to reach agreement on a suitable model at the same time that the strategy is produced.
Further consideration. See recommendation
10.2 and Key finding 10.
RS R10.4 The Government should increase investment in animal disease research and development by the order of £250M over the next 10 years. (p136)
RS R10.5 Defra should take rapid action to investigate and improve:
Further consideration. The Government accepts the need for new investment in animal disease research. This is an EU issue and at least part of the programme should be funded at EU level and not necessarily be funded by Defra or the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council. It is essential that the research needs are identified such that we can agree priorities and funding implications. Work is well in hand to do this as part of the Animal Health and Welfare Strategy.
Accept in part. Defra is developing a programme to take forward the commitment
| announced | on | 26 | March | to | review | the | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| effectiveness | of | training | and | education | for | |||
| farmers and other land managers. | ||||||||
See also Lessons Learned recommendations 3 and 68.
Defra
Infrastructure
5. Over £71m has been spent at the Veterinary Laboratories Agency (VLA), most on TSE related accommodation, since the announcement of newvariant CreutzfeldtJakob Disease (CJD) in 1996. This accommodation comprises laboratories, associated support accommodation and animal containment facilities both at VLA Weybridge and at various other sites within GB. Some £2m of this work is currently still in hand. In addition between now and early 2005 VLA is undertaking the first phase of the planned redevelopment of its main laboratory site and adjoining farms. Total costs of this first phase will be approximately £63m of which some £20m relates to the provision of a new serology testing laboratory building for largescale blood testing. This facility would be used in future for testing in the event of largescale outbreaks of notifiable diseases, e.g. FMD, and will be capable of handling 100,000120,000 FMD blood samples per week. An extra £6m on top of the original £14m estimated cost was required to construct this laboratory to the appropriate containment standards specifically required for FMD testing.
BBSRC
Department for International Development (DfID)
8. DfID funds an Animal Health Research programme to improve the management of livestock disease affecting the livelihoods of poor people in eastern and southern Africa and India. The programme uses the services of UK institutes working closely with developing country partners.
Wellcome trust
9. The Wellcome Trust has devoted some £7.8m annually to veterinary research over the past 5 years. This covers postgraduate and doctoral awards; fellowships; project/programme grants and the funding of centres in specific disciplines. The Trust supports research on animal diseases on an international level too.
Scottish Executive
Northern Ireland
12. Total expenditure on the Northern Ireland Department of Agriculture and Rural Development’s Animal Health and Welfare Research Programme was £807K in the year 20012002. Details of the current programme are set out in the relevant pages of the Department’s website http:// www.dardni.gov.uk/frames/sci11.htm. The mechanisms of prioritisation and commissioning of agriculture and food research in Northern Ireland are currently under review.
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